Philosophy · 哲學 · Advanced reading 高級閱讀
Philosophy 哲學
Big questions, the people who asked them, and the story of how the answers changed. Read in English, then work through the thought experiment yourself.
人類問過的大問題、問這些問題的人,以及答案怎麼一路改變。先用英文讀懂,再親自做一次思想實驗。
This series is written at an advanced level, for adult readers and teachers. It uses the real vocabulary of the subject and explains each term the first time it appears.
這個系列以高級程度寫成,對象是成人讀者與老師。內文直接使用這門學問真正的術語,並在第一次出現時解釋。
There are five shelves. Start anywhere: every lesson links to the philosophers, the history, and the sources behind it. Greek, Chinese, and Indian philosophy are treated side by side, and one shelf is given to a single question: for each idea in the Dharma, which Western position comes closest?
一共五個書架,從哪裡開始都可以:每一課都連到它背後的哲學家、歷史與原典。希臘、中國、印度哲學並列處理;其中一個書架專門回答一個問題:佛法的每一個觀念,西方哲學誰最接近?
Start with lesson A1 · 從第一課開始What Is Philosophy? 哲學是什麼?→106 of 177 are ready so far; the rest are in preparation. 目前完成 106 篇(共規劃 177 篇),其餘製作中。
Shelf A · 48 lessons · 40 ready
Big Questions 大哉問
The branches of philosophy, one question at a time. Each lesson is built around a thought experiment you can work through yourself.
哲學的各個分支,一次一個問題。每一課以一個可以親手操作的思想實驗為核心。
Unit 1 · Logic · 邏輯
Thinking Tools 思考的工具
Unit 2 · Epistemology · 知識論
Knowledge 知識
Unit 3 · Metaphysics · 形上學
Reality 真實
Unit 4 · Philosophy of Mind · 心靈哲學
Mind and Self 心靈與自我
Unit 5 · Ethics · 倫理學
Right and Wrong 對與錯
- A17Would You Pull the Lever?你會拉下拉桿嗎?The trolley problem · 電車難題Read · 開始讀 →
- A18What Makes an Action Right?是什麼讓一件事是對的?Mill, Kant, AristotleRead · 開始讀 →
- A19Why Be Good If No One Is Watching?沒人看見,為什麼還要做好人?The Ring of Gyges; 慎獨Read · 開始讀 →
- A20Are People Born Good?人性本善嗎?孟子 vs. 荀子; Hobbes vs. RousseauRead · 開始讀 →
Unit 6 · Ethics · 倫理學
The Good Life 美好人生
Unit 7 · Political Philosophy · 政治哲學
Society and Justice 社會與正義
Unit 8 · Aesthetics · 美學
Beauty and Art 美與藝術
Unit 9 · Philosophy of Language and Science
Language and Science 語言與科學
Unit 10 · Applied Ethics · 應用倫理
Questions for Today 今天的問題
Unit 11 · Philosophy of Religion · 宗教哲學
Philosophy of Religion 宗教哲學
- A41Can the Existence of God Be Proved?神的存在能被證明嗎?Three classic arguments · 三大論證
- A42Why Is There Suffering?為什麼有苦?The problem of evil; 苦諦
- A43Is Faith Reasonable?信仰合理嗎?Pascal, Clifford, James
- A44Should We Fear Death?我們該怕死嗎?Epicurus; 莊子
Unit 12 · Philosophy of Education · 教育哲學
Philosophy of Education 教育哲學
- A45Can Virtue Be Taught?德行可以教嗎?Plato's Meno; 不憤不啟
- A46What Is Education For?教育是為了什麼?Plato, Rousseau, Dewey
- A47Learning by Doing做中學Dewey; 知行合一
- A48Who Holds the Authority in a Classroom?教室裡誰說了算?Freire; 韓愈〈師說〉
Shelf B · 32 lessons · 6 ready
The Story of Philosophy 哲學史
Twenty-six centuries in thirty-two chapters, with Greece, China, and India running side by side.
二十六個世紀、三十二課,希臘、中國、印度三條線並列。
Part 1 · c. 600–400 BCE
Beginnings 開端
Part 2 · c. 400 BCE–200 CE
Greece and Rome 希臘與羅馬
- B5Plato and the Academy柏拉圖與學院Read · 開始讀 →
- B6Aristotle, the Great Organizer亞里斯多德:把知識分門別類的人Read · 開始讀 →
- B7Four Schools for Hard Times亂世裡的四個學派Stoics, Epicureans, Skeptics, Cynics
- B8Philosophy in Rome羅馬的哲學Cicero, Seneca, Marcus Aurelius
Part 3 · c. 550–220 BCE
China 中國
- B9The Hundred Schools諸子百家
- B10The Confucian Way儒家孔子、孟子、荀子
- B11The Daoist Way道家老子、莊子
- B12Mohists, Legalists, and Logicians墨家、法家、名家
Part 4 · c. 800 BCE–800 CE
India and Buddhism 印度與佛教
- B13The Upanishads and the Indian Schools奧義書與印度諸學派
- B14The Buddha as a Philosopher作為哲學家的佛陀The four noble truths as an argument
- B15Emptiness and Mind空與心Nāgārjuna 龍樹, Vasubandhu 世親
- B16Buddhism Meets China佛教遇見中國天台、華嚴、禪
Part 5 · c. 400–1500
The Medieval World 中世紀的世界
- B17Augustine: Faith Seeking Understanding奧古斯丁:信仰與理性
- B18The House of Wisdom智慧宮Ibn Sīnā, Ibn Rushd, Maimonides
- B19Aquinas and the First Universities阿奎那與最早的大學
- B20Principle and Mind宋明理學朱熹、王陽明
Part 6 · c. 1500–1800
The Early Modern Age 近代早期
- B21A New Method新的方法Bacon, Galileo
- B22The Rationalists理性主義Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz
- B23The Empiricists經驗主義Locke, Berkeley, Hume
- B24Kant's Revolution康德的革命
Part 7 · c. 1650–1900
Enlightenment to the 1800s 啟蒙到十九世紀
- B25The Enlightenment and the Social Contract啟蒙運動與社會契約
- B26Hegel, Marx, and History黑格爾、馬克思與歷史
- B27The Greatest Happiness效益主義Bentham, Mill
- B28The Lonely Thinkers孤獨的思想家Kierkegaard, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche
Part 8 · 1900–
The 1900s to Today 二十世紀到今天
- B29The Turn to Language語言的轉向Frege, Russell, Wittgenstein
- B30Existence Comes First存在主義Heidegger, Sartre, Beauvoir, Camus
- B31Pragmatism and the Classroom實用主義與教室Peirce, James, Dewey
- B32Philosophy Now今天的哲學Rawls, mind and AI, 當代新儒家
Shelf C · 56 profiles · 35 ready
Philosophers 哲學家
A life, one central idea, one line checked against its source, and the strongest objection.
一段生平、一個核心觀念、一句查過出處的話,以及最強的一個反駁。
Greece and Rome 希臘羅馬
- Thales泰利斯c. 624–546 BCE
- Pythagoras畢達哥拉斯c. 570–495 BCERead · 開始讀 →
- Heraclitus赫拉克利特fl. c. 500 BCERead · 開始讀 →
- Socrates蘇格拉底c. 470–399 BCERead · 開始讀 →
- Plato柏拉圖c. 428–348 BCERead · 開始讀 →
- Aristotle亞里斯多德384–322 BCERead · 開始讀 →
- Diogenes第歐根尼c. 404–323 BCE
- Epicurus伊比鳩魯341–270 BCERead · 開始讀 →
- Epictetus愛比克泰德c. 50–135Read · 開始讀 →
- Marcus Aurelius馬可・奧理略121–180
- Hypatia希帕提亞d. 415Read · 開始讀 →
China 中國
India and Buddhism 印度與佛教
- The Buddha佛陀5th c. BCE
- Nāgārjuna龍樹c. 150–250
- Vasubandhu世親4th–5th c.
- Śaṅkara商羯羅c. 8th c.
- Huineng慧能638–713
The Medieval World 中世紀
- Augustine奧古斯丁354–430Read · 開始讀 →
- Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna)伊本・西那980–1037
- Ibn Rushd (Averroes)伊本・魯世德1126–1198
- Maimonides邁蒙尼德1138–1204
- Thomas Aquinas阿奎那1225–1274
The Early Modern Age 近代早期
- Michel de Montaigne蒙田1533–1592Read · 開始讀 →
- René Descartes笛卡兒1596–1650Read · 開始讀 →
- Baruch Spinoza史賓諾莎1632–1677Read · 開始讀 →
- G. W. Leibniz萊布尼茲1646–1716Read · 開始讀 →
- John Locke洛克1632–1704Read · 開始讀 →
- David Hume休謨1711–1776Read · 開始讀 →
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau盧梭1712–1778
- Immanuel Kant康德1724–1804Read · 開始讀 →
- Mary Wollstonecraft沃斯通克拉夫特1759–1797
The 1800s 十九世紀
- G. W. F. Hegel黑格爾1770–1831
- John Stuart Mill彌爾1806–1873Read · 開始讀 →
- Karl Marx馬克思1818–1883
- Søren Kierkegaard齊克果1813–1855
- Friedrich Nietzsche尼采1844–1900Read · 開始讀 →
- William James威廉・詹姆斯1842–1910Read · 開始讀 →
The 1900s to Today 二十世紀以後
- John Dewey杜威1859–1952Read · 開始讀 →
- Bertrand Russell羅素1872–1970Read · 開始讀 →
- Ludwig Wittgenstein維根斯坦1889–1951Read · 開始讀 →
- Martin Heidegger海德格1889–1976
- Jean-Paul Sartre沙特1905–1980
- Simone de Beauvoir西蒙・波娃1908–1986
- Walter Benjamin班雅明1892–1940Read · 開始讀 →
- Hannah Arendt漢娜・鄂蘭1906–1975Read · 開始讀 →
- Karl Popper波普1902–1994Read · 開始讀 →
- John Rawls羅爾斯1921–2002Read · 開始讀 →
- Peter Singer彼得・辛格b. 1946Read · 開始讀 →
Shelf D · 25 lessons · 25 ready
Dharma and the West 佛法與西方哲學
For each Buddhist idea: which Western position comes closest, where the two agree, and where the Dharma goes a step further.
每一個佛法觀念,西方哲學誰最接近?像在哪裡、差在哪裡,佛法又多走了哪一步。
Self and Reality 自我與真實
- D2No-Self無我 anattāHume · Parfit · DescartesRead · 開始讀 →
- D3The Five Aggregates五蘊 pañcakkhandhaHume · functionalismRead · 開始讀 →
- D4Dependent Origination緣起 paṭiccasamuppādaHume on causation · WhiteheadRead · 開始讀 →
- D5Impermanence無常 aniccaHeraclitus · WhiteheadRead · 開始讀 →
- D16Momentariness and the Dharmas剎那滅與法的分析Atomism · mereological nihilismRead · 開始讀 →
Suffering and Its End 苦與苦的止息
Emptiness and Mind 空與心
- D8Emptiness空 śūnyatāPyrrhonism · WittgensteinRead · 開始讀 →
- D9The Four Corners四句 catuṣkoṭiNon-contradiction · paraconsistent logicRead · 開始讀 →
- D10The Two Truths二諦Kant · SellarsRead · 開始讀 →
- D11Consciousness-Only唯識 vijñaptimātraBerkeley · Kant · HusserlRead · 開始讀 →
- D12The Eight Consciousnesses八識與阿賴耶識The hard problem · neurophenomenologyRead · 開始讀 →
- D25Buddha-Nature and Human Nature佛性與人性論 tathāgatagarbhaMencius · Rousseau · AugustineRead · 開始讀 →
Knowledge and Logic 知識與邏輯
Ethics and Practice 倫理與修行
- D17Karma and Free Will業與自由意志CompatibilismRead · 開始讀 →
- D18What Kind of Ethics Is Buddhist Ethics?佛教倫理是哪一種倫理學?Virtue ethics vs. consequentialismRead · 開始讀 →
- D19Compassion and the Bodhisattva Path慈悲與菩薩道Singer · Schopenhauer · ParfitRead · 開始讀 →
- D20Mindfulness正念 satiStoic prosochē · HadotRead · 開始讀 →
- D23Pure Land, Faith, and Other-Power淨土、信與他力Kierkegaard · Pascal · AugustineRead · 開始讀 →
- D24Zen禪Wittgenstein · Heidegger · the Kyoto SchoolRead · 開始讀 →
Shelf E · 16 texts · in preparation 製作中
Reading the Sources 原典精讀
Short primary texts in public-domain English, read closely: paragraph by paragraph, argument by argument.
公版英譯的原典短篇,逐段精讀、逐個論證拆解。
Greece and Rome 希臘與羅馬
- E1Plato, Apology柏拉圖《申辯篇》tr. Jowett
- E2Plato, The Cave (Republic VII)柏拉圖〈洞穴喻〉tr. Jowett
- E3Plato, Meno: The Boy and the Square柏拉圖《美諾篇》少年與幾何tr. Jowett
- E4Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics I亞里斯多德《尼各馬可倫理學》卷一tr. Ross
- E5Epictetus, Enchiridion愛比克泰德《手冊》
- E6Marcus Aurelius, Meditations馬可・奧理略《沉思錄》tr. Long
- E7Augustine, Confessions XI: On Time奧古斯丁《懺悔錄》論時間
The Modern Age 近現代
- E8Descartes, Meditations I–II笛卡兒《沉思集》第一、二沉思
- E9Locke, Essay: The Blank Slate洛克《人類理解論》白板
- E10Hume, Treatise: Of Personal Identity休謨《人性論》論人格同一
- E11Kant, What Is Enlightenment?康德〈答何謂啟蒙〉
- E12Mill, On Liberty彌爾《論自由》
- E13William James, The Will to Believe威廉・詹姆斯〈信仰的意志〉
- E14Russell, The Value of Philosophy羅素〈哲學的價值〉1912
Asia 亞洲
- E15The Questions of King Milinda: The Chariot《彌蘭王問經》車喻tr. Rhys Davids
- E16Zhuangzi: Three Passages《莊子》夢蝶、魚之樂、庖丁解牛