← 回閱讀與經典

Philosophy · 哲學 · Advanced reading 高級閱讀

Philosophy 哲學

Big questions, the people who asked them, and the story of how the answers changed. Read in English, then work through the thought experiment yourself.
人類問過的大問題、問這些問題的人,以及答案怎麼一路改變。先用英文讀懂,再親自做一次思想實驗。

This series is written at an advanced level, for adult readers and teachers. It uses the real vocabulary of the subject and explains each term the first time it appears.

這個系列以高級程度寫成,對象是成人讀者與老師。內文直接使用這門學問真正的術語,並在第一次出現時解釋。

There are five shelves. Start anywhere: every lesson links to the philosophers, the history, and the sources behind it. Greek, Chinese, and Indian philosophy are treated side by side, and one shelf is given to a single question: for each idea in the Dharma, which Western position comes closest?

一共五個書架,從哪裡開始都可以:每一課都連到它背後的哲學家、歷史與原典。希臘、中國、印度哲學並列處理;其中一個書架專門回答一個問題:佛法的每一個觀念,西方哲學誰最接近?

Start with lesson A1 · 從第一課開始What Is Philosophy? 哲學是什麼?→

106 of 177 are ready so far; the rest are in preparation. 目前完成 106 篇(共規劃 177 篇),其餘製作中。

5shelves個書架
177lessons planned課規劃中
26centuries個世紀
3traditions個傳統

Shelf A · 48 lessons · 40 ready

Big Questions 大哉問

The branches of philosophy, one question at a time. Each lesson is built around a thought experiment you can work through yourself.
哲學的各個分支,一次一個問題。每一課以一個可以親手操作的思想實驗為核心。

Unit 11 · Philosophy of Religion · 宗教哲學

Philosophy of Religion 宗教哲學

  • A41Can the Existence of God Be Proved?神的存在能被證明嗎?Three classic arguments · 三大論證
  • A42Why Is There Suffering?為什麼有苦?The problem of evil; 苦諦
  • A43Is Faith Reasonable?信仰合理嗎?Pascal, Clifford, James
  • A44Should We Fear Death?我們該怕死嗎?Epicurus; 莊子

Unit 12 · Philosophy of Education · 教育哲學

Philosophy of Education 教育哲學

  • A45Can Virtue Be Taught?德行可以教嗎?Plato's Meno; 不憤不啟
  • A46What Is Education For?教育是為了什麼?Plato, Rousseau, Dewey
  • A47Learning by Doing做中學Dewey; 知行合一
  • A48Who Holds the Authority in a Classroom?教室裡誰說了算?Freire; 韓愈〈師說〉

Shelf B · 32 lessons · 6 ready

The Story of Philosophy 哲學史

Twenty-six centuries in thirty-two chapters, with Greece, China, and India running side by side.
二十六個世紀、三十二課,希臘、中國、印度三條線並列。

Part 2 · c. 400 BCE–200 CE

Greece and Rome 希臘與羅馬

Part 3 · c. 550–220 BCE

China 中國

  • B9The Hundred Schools諸子百家
  • B10The Confucian Way儒家孔子、孟子、荀子
  • B11The Daoist Way道家老子、莊子
  • B12Mohists, Legalists, and Logicians墨家、法家、名家

Part 4 · c. 800 BCE–800 CE

India and Buddhism 印度與佛教

  • B13The Upanishads and the Indian Schools奧義書與印度諸學派
  • B14The Buddha as a Philosopher作為哲學家的佛陀The four noble truths as an argument
  • B15Emptiness and Mind空與心Nāgārjuna 龍樹, Vasubandhu 世親
  • B16Buddhism Meets China佛教遇見中國天台、華嚴、禪

Part 5 · c. 400–1500

The Medieval World 中世紀的世界

  • B17Augustine: Faith Seeking Understanding奧古斯丁:信仰與理性
  • B18The House of Wisdom智慧宮Ibn Sīnā, Ibn Rushd, Maimonides
  • B19Aquinas and the First Universities阿奎那與最早的大學
  • B20Principle and Mind宋明理學朱熹、王陽明

Part 6 · c. 1500–1800

The Early Modern Age 近代早期

  • B21A New Method新的方法Bacon, Galileo
  • B22The Rationalists理性主義Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz
  • B23The Empiricists經驗主義Locke, Berkeley, Hume
  • B24Kant's Revolution康德的革命

Part 7 · c. 1650–1900

Enlightenment to the 1800s 啟蒙到十九世紀

  • B25The Enlightenment and the Social Contract啟蒙運動與社會契約
  • B26Hegel, Marx, and History黑格爾、馬克思與歷史
  • B27The Greatest Happiness效益主義Bentham, Mill
  • B28The Lonely Thinkers孤獨的思想家Kierkegaard, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche

Part 8 · 1900–

The 1900s to Today 二十世紀到今天

  • B29The Turn to Language語言的轉向Frege, Russell, Wittgenstein
  • B30Existence Comes First存在主義Heidegger, Sartre, Beauvoir, Camus
  • B31Pragmatism and the Classroom實用主義與教室Peirce, James, Dewey
  • B32Philosophy Now今天的哲學Rawls, mind and AI, 當代新儒家

Shelf C · 56 profiles · 35 ready

Philosophers 哲學家

A life, one central idea, one line checked against its source, and the strongest objection.
一段生平、一個核心觀念、一句查過出處的話,以及最強的一個反駁。

India and Buddhism 印度與佛教

  • The Buddha佛陀5th c. BCE
  • Nāgārjuna龍樹c. 150–250
  • Vasubandhu世親4th–5th c.
  • Śaṅkara商羯羅c. 8th c.
  • Huineng慧能638–713

The Medieval World 中世紀

The 1800s 十九世紀

Shelf D · 25 lessons · 25 ready

Dharma and the West 佛法與西方哲學

For each Buddhist idea: which Western position comes closest, where the two agree, and where the Dharma goes a step further.
每一個佛法觀念,西方哲學誰最接近?像在哪裡、差在哪裡,佛法又多走了哪一步。

Shelf E · 16 texts · in preparation 製作中

Reading the Sources 原典精讀

Short primary texts in public-domain English, read closely: paragraph by paragraph, argument by argument.
公版英譯的原典短篇,逐段精讀、逐個論證拆解。

Greece and Rome 希臘與羅馬

  • E1Plato, Apology柏拉圖《申辯篇》tr. Jowett
  • E2Plato, The Cave (Republic VII)柏拉圖〈洞穴喻〉tr. Jowett
  • E3Plato, Meno: The Boy and the Square柏拉圖《美諾篇》少年與幾何tr. Jowett
  • E4Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics I亞里斯多德《尼各馬可倫理學》卷一tr. Ross
  • E5Epictetus, Enchiridion愛比克泰德《手冊》
  • E6Marcus Aurelius, Meditations馬可・奧理略《沉思錄》tr. Long
  • E7Augustine, Confessions XI: On Time奧古斯丁《懺悔錄》論時間

The Modern Age 近現代

  • E8Descartes, Meditations I–II笛卡兒《沉思集》第一、二沉思
  • E9Locke, Essay: The Blank Slate洛克《人類理解論》白板
  • E10Hume, Treatise: Of Personal Identity休謨《人性論》論人格同一
  • E11Kant, What Is Enlightenment?康德〈答何謂啟蒙〉
  • E12Mill, On Liberty彌爾《論自由》
  • E13William James, The Will to Believe威廉・詹姆斯〈信仰的意志〉
  • E14Russell, The Value of Philosophy羅素〈哲學的價值〉1912

Asia 亞洲

  • E15The Questions of King Milinda: The Chariot《彌蘭王問經》車喻tr. Rhys Davids
  • E16Zhuangzi: Three Passages《莊子》夢蝶、魚之樂、庖丁解牛