Unison齊唱
Three voices sing exactly the same pitches. The sound gets thicker, but the notes do not change.
三個聲部唱完全一樣的音高。聲音變厚，但音沒有不同。
Music · Unit 4 · Lesson 15 · 音樂 單元四 第十五課
What Music Grew in Taiwan?台灣這塊土地上有哪些音樂？
Four ways to layer voices, heard with our own tune, and what people in Taiwan say about their own singing: indigenous peoples, Hakka, Hokkien, Nanguan, and Beiguan.
用我們自己的旋律聽四種疊聲部的方式，再讀台灣各個族群怎麼說自己的歌：原住民族、客家、閩南、南管與北管。
Big idea · 一句話看懂
Voices can be layered in different ways: all together, one after another, over a held note, or moving in parallel. People in Taiwan sing in all of these ways, and some songs belong to a time and a place, so we describe them and we do not copy them.
聲部可以用不同的方式疊起來：一起唱、一個接一個、在拉長的音上、或平行移動。台灣各地的人用這些方式唱歌，有些歌屬於特定的時間與場合，所以我們描述它們，不複製它們。
Try It · 動手試試
Layer the Voices 把聲部疊起來
We wrote one short tune of 16 beats. Choose a way of layering and a number of voices, then press play. Each voice has its own color on the piano roll. The tune and all four ways are our own simple model. They are not songs of any people or tradition, and they are not recordings.
我們寫了一段 16 拍的短旋律。選一種疊法和聲部數，再按播放。鋼琴卷上每個聲部有自己的顏色。旋律和四種疊法都是我們自己的簡單模型，不是任何族群或樂種的歌，也不是錄音。
Way of layering · 疊法
Voices · 聲部數
Reading · 英文閱讀
15
Unit 15: What Music Grew in Taiwan?
Many kinds of music grew in Taiwan, and people sing them in different languages. Taiwanese folk songs can be sorted by ethnic group and language: songs of the indigenous peoples in their own languages, Hakka folk songs mainly in Hakka, and Hokkien folk songs mainly in Taiwanese Hokkien. The Council of Indigenous Peoples recognizes 16 indigenous peoples officially. In this lesson we ask one question about all of them: how can voices be layered?
台灣長出了許多種音樂，人們用不同的語言唱。台灣民謠可以依族群與語言分類：原住民族用自己語言唱的歌、主要用客語的客家民謠，和主要用台灣閩南語的閩南語民謠。原住民族委員會官方認定的原住民族有 16 族。這一課對它們問同一個問題：聲部可以怎麼疊？
There are some useful words. In unison, two or more parts sound the same pitch, or pitches an octave apart. In a round, each voice sings the same melody, but each begins at a different time. A drone is a note or chord that is sounded continuously throughout most or all of a piece. Polyphony is a texture of two or more simultaneous lines of independent melody. Heterophony is the simultaneous variation of a single melodic line.
有幾個有用的詞。齊唱（unison）是兩個以上的聲部唱同一個音高，或相差八度的音高。輪唱（round）是每個聲部唱同一條旋律，但各自在不同的時間開始。持續音（drone）是在一首曲子的大部分或全部時間裡，持續發聲的一個音或和弦。複音（polyphony）是兩條或以上同時進行、各自獨立的旋律線所形成的織度。異音（heterophony）是同一條旋律線同時出現變化。
Several indigenous peoples of Taiwan are known for polyphonic singing. The Amis, Bunun, Paiwan, Rukai, and Tsou are known for their polyphonic vocals, and each has a unique variety. The Council of Indigenous Peoples says Amis songs use lead-and-answer singing, chanting, and polyphonic counterpoint. The Bunun style called eight-part harmony starts with four parts, and the “eight” comes from overtones that appear at a high register. It is sung on vowels, without words.
台灣有好幾個原住民族以複音歌唱聞名。阿美族、布農族、排灣族、魯凱族和鄒族以複音的人聲聞名，而且各有獨特的類型。原住民族委員會說，阿美族的歌謠有領唱與答唱、吟唱，以及複音對位。布農族稱為八部合音的唱法，開始時只有四部，「八」來自高音域出現的泛音。它用母音來唱，沒有歌詞。
Some songs belong to a time and a place. According to Chinese Wikipedia, Amis ritual music is mostly sung only at specific ceremonies. The Council of Indigenous Peoples says the sacred ancestral songs of the Thao are not to be sung casually. Taiwan’s 2007 Act for the protection of indigenous traditional intellectual creations lists music and songs, and a right holder may license their use. That is why this lesson describes the ways of singing, and does not copy any song.
有些歌屬於特定的時間與場合。依中文維基百科，阿美族的祭儀音樂多半只在特定儀式的特定場合吟唱。原住民族委員會說，邵族的祖靈祭歌謠具有神聖性，平日禁止隨意吟唱。台灣 2007 年的《原住民族傳統智慧創作保護條例》把音樂與歌曲列入，權利人也可以授權他人使用。所以這一課只描述唱法，不複製任何一首歌。
Han traditions layer sound in other ways. Nanguan is an old kind of music popular in Fujian, Taiwan, and Southeast Asia. The singer holds clappers, and the accompaniment is led by the pipa, with the xiao, sanxian, erxian, and a set of four boards. It is described as typically slow and gentle, and as heterophonic. Beiguan is another Han tradition in Taiwan; its name is paired with Nanguan, and “north” also stands for a lively, high-pitched style.
漢人的傳統用別的方式疊聲音。南管是流行於福建、台灣與東南亞的古樂。歌者拿拍板，伴奏以琵琶為主，再配洞簫、三弦、二弦、四塊板。它被描述為通常緩慢、柔和，並且是異音的。北管是台灣另一種漢人傳統，名稱與南管相對，「北」也用來表示熱鬧高亢的風格。
Hakka mountain songs are short in form with free rhythm, and are popular in mountain villages. The main tunes are the old mountain song, the mountain-song-zi, and the pingban. The tunes are fixed, and the words can be changed and improvised. Shange has traditionally been sung while people work, particularly while picking tea. Taiwanese opera developed in Taiwan after folk arts came from southern Fujian, and its tunes were taken from folk songs.
客家山歌形式短小、節奏自由，流行於山村。主要的調子是老山歌、山歌子和平板。曲調固定，歌詞可以變化、即興。山歌傳統上在工作時唱，特別是採茶的時候。歌仔戲是閩南的民間藝術傳到台灣後發展出來的，曲調採自歌謠小調。
Read aloud · 課文朗讀
Questions · 閱讀理解
What is the difference between a unison and a round?
In unison, voices sing the same pitch at the same time. In a round, each voice sings the same melody but begins at a different time.
Is the Bunun “eight-part” style really eight parts?
It starts with four parts, and the “eight” comes from overtones at a high register.
Why does this lesson not play real songs?
Some songs are sung only at the right time and place, and the music of recognized works can be licensed, so we describe how people sing and do not copy their songs.
Words & Phrases · 生字及片語
unison(n.)齊唱（同一個音高）The class sang in unison.全班齊唱。round(n.)輪唱In a round, each group starts later.輪唱時，每一組晚一點開始。drone(n.)持續音A drone is a held low note.持續音是一個拉長的低音。polyphony(n.)複音（多條旋律線）Polyphony has several independent melodies.複音有好幾條各自獨立的旋律。chorus(n.)合唱團The chorus has four parts.這個合唱團有四個聲部。folk song(n.)民謠A folk song is passed on by people.民謠由民間代代傳下來。ritual(adj.)祭儀的A ritual song belongs to a ceremony.祭儀歌曲屬於一個儀式。ensemble(n.)合奏團A nanguan ensemble has five instruments.南管的合奏團通常有五件樂器。
Quick Check · 小測驗
1. In a round, what do the voices do?
2. What is a drone?
3. How many peoples does the Council of Indigenous Peoples officially recognize?
4. What does the Bunun eight-part style start with?
5. Why does this lesson describe ways of singing instead of playing real songs?
Try It · 動手試試
Four ways to layer 四種疊法
Then try the game below: can you tell which way of layering it is?
然後試試下面的遊戲：你分得出是哪一種疊法嗎？
Round輪唱
Each voice comes in four beats after the one before. Watch the colors step to the right.
每個聲部比前一個晚四拍進來。看顏色一階一階往右。
Drone持續音
One voice sings the tune. The others hold a long low C underneath all the way through.
一個聲部唱旋律，其他聲部在底下一直拉長一個低音 C。
Parts分部
The other voices move with the tune on different notes of the scale.
其他聲部在音階裡的不同音上，跟著旋律走。
Game · 小遊戲
How Are the Voices Layered? 聲部是怎麼疊的？
Six questions. Each one plays our tune with two to four voices. Choose the way of layering. If you cannot hear the sound, press “What is in the music”.
六道題。每一題用兩到四個聲部播放我們的旋律。選出疊法。如果聽不到聲音，按「音樂裡有什麼」。
Question 1 of 6 · 第 1 題（共 6 題）
Right on the first try · 第一次就答對 0 / 0
Stories Behind the Notes · 音符背後的故事
Sixteen peoples, a right time, four parts or eight, and tunes that stay while words change 十六族、對的時間、四部還是八部、曲調不變而歌詞會變
Four short stories. We describe; we do not copy.
四個小故事。我們描述，不複製。
Peoples · 族群
Sixteen recognized peoples官方認定的十六族
The Council of Indigenous Peoples lists 16 peoples: Amis, Atayal, Paiwan, Bunun, Puyuma, Rukai, Tsou, Saisiyat, Tao (Yami), Thao, Kavalan, Truku, Sakizaya, Seediq, Hla’alua, and Kanakanavu. Some scholars say these 16 groupings do not reflect social entities and are administrative categories. Each people has its own languages, songs, and customs.
原住民族委員會列出 16 族：阿美、泰雅、排灣、布農、卑南、魯凱、鄒、賽夏、雅美（達悟）、邵、噶瑪蘭、太魯閣、撒奇萊雅、賽德克、拉阿魯哇、卡那卡那富。有學者說這 16 個分類並不反映社會實體，是行政上的分類。每一族有自己的語言、歌與習俗。
Right Time · 對的時間
Sung on the right occasion在對的場合才唱
Amis ritual music is mostly sung only at the specific ceremonies. The Thao sacred ancestral songs are not sung casually. Under the 2007 Act, music and songs are named among traditional creations; only works that are recognized and registered receive protection, and a right holder may license use. Education use of published works is allowed, with the source stated.
阿美族的祭儀音樂多半只在特定儀式的特定場合吟唱。邵族的祖靈祭歌謠不隨意吟唱。依 2007 年的條例，音樂與歌曲列在傳統智慧創作裡；只有經認定並登記的才受保護，權利人可授權他人使用。已發表的創作為教育而使用是允許的，並要註明出處。
Four or Eight · 四部還是八部
Four parts, eight voices of sound四部，聽起來像八部
The Bunun eight-part style is often named that way, but it is not eight parts in the vocal sense. It starts with four parts, and overtones make it sound like eight. The number of singers is also not eight: Chinese Wikipedia says it can go up to twelve people. Only two Bunun subgroups sing it, so not all Bunun do.
布農族的八部合音常被這樣稱呼，但並不是聲樂中的八部。它從四部開始，因為出現泛音而聽起來像八部。歌者的人數也不是八個：中文維基百科說可以增加到十二人。只有布農族的兩個群體唱它，所以不是所有布農人都唱。
Fixed Tune, New Words · 曲調固定、歌詞變
Hakka mountain songs客家山歌
Hakka mountain songs have three main tunes: the old mountain song, the mountain-song-zi, and the pingban. The tunes are fixed, and the words can be changed freely and improvised. Pingban is also called the “improved tune”. Chinese Wikipedia notes the figure “nine accents and eighteen tunes” is generally taken as a figure of speech, not an exact count.
客家山歌有三大調：老山歌、山歌子和平板。曲調固定，歌詞可以隨意變化、即興創作。平板又稱「改良調」。中文維基百科說，「九腔十八調」一般認為是虛詞，不是精確的數字。
In the Curriculum · 對應課綱
Where this lesson fits 這一課對應的課綱
The curriculum names unison, round, and chorus singing, Taiwanese songs, and local and traditional music. It does not name Hakka, Nanguan, Beiguan, or any indigenous people in its music items.
課綱寫到齊唱、輪唱與合唱、臺灣歌謠，以及本土與傳統音樂。音樂項目裡沒有出現客家、南管、北管，也沒有任何一個原住民族的名字。
音 E-Ⅱ-1藝術領域・音樂（國小三、四年級） · Arts, music (grades 3–4)
多元形式歌曲，如：獨唱、齊唱等。基礎歌唱技巧，如：聲音探索、姿勢等。
Singing alone and singing in unison.獨唱與齊唱。
音 E-Ⅲ-1藝術領域・音樂（國小五、六年級） · Arts, music (grades 5–6)
多元形式歌曲，如：輪唱、合唱等。基礎歌唱技巧，如：呼吸、共鳴等。
Round and chorus singing are named here.這裡寫到輪唱與合唱。
音 A-Ⅱ-1藝術領域・音樂（國小三、四年級） · Arts, music (grades 3–4)
器樂曲與聲樂曲，如：獨奏曲、臺灣歌謠、藝術歌曲，以及樂曲之創作背景或歌詞內涵。
Taiwanese songs, and the background of a song.臺灣歌謠，與歌曲的創作背景。
音 A-Ⅲ-1藝術領域・音樂（國小五、六年級） · Arts, music (grades 5–6)
器樂曲與聲樂曲，如：各國民謠、本土與傳統音樂、古典與流行音樂等，以及樂曲之作曲家、演奏者、傳統藝師與創作背景。
Local and traditional music, and traditional artists.本土與傳統音樂，與傳統藝師。
Myth vs. Fact · 常見迷思
Four things people get wrong 四個常見的誤會
✗ Myth · 迷思The Bunun eight-part style has eight vocal parts.布農族的八部合音有八個聲部。
✓ Fact · 事實It starts with four parts. Overtones at a high register make it sound like eight.它從四部開始。高音域出現的泛音，讓它聽起來像八部。
✗ Myth · 迷思Songs of Taiwan’s indigenous peoples are free for anyone to record and reuse.原住民族的歌誰都可以隨意錄音、重複使用。
✓ Fact · 事實Some songs are sung only at the proper occasion. Recognized, registered works are protected, and a right holder may license their use.有些歌只在適當的場合唱。經認定並登記的創作受保護，權利人可以授權他人使用。
✗ Myth · 迷思All indigenous peoples in Taiwan sing the same way.台灣所有原住民族都用同一種方式唱歌。
✓ Fact · 事實Each has its own variety. For example, the eight-part style is sung by only two Bunun subgroups.各族有自己的類型。例如八部合音只有布農族的兩個群體唱。
✗ Myth · 迷思“Harvest festival” is the name every Amis community uses.「豐年祭」是所有阿美族部落自己的名稱。
✓ Fact · 事實Chinese Wikipedia says the local names do not carry the meaning of harvest, and that the term was given from outside.中文維基百科說，各地的稱呼幾乎都不帶有「豐收」的意思，這個名稱是外來的。
Remember It · 記憶口訣
Four things to remember 四件要記住的事
Unison = same, together齊唱＝一樣、一起
Same pitch at the same time.
同一個音高，同一個時刻。
Round = same, later輪唱＝一樣、晚一點
Same tune, each voice enters later.
同一條旋律，每個聲部晚一點進來。
Drone = held under持續音＝底下拉長
One note held through the tune.
一個音從頭拉到尾。
Describe, do not copy描述，不複製
Some songs belong to a time and place.
有些歌屬於特定的時間與場合。
Protect Your Ears and Voice · 保護耳朵與聲音
Before you listen and sing 聽與唱之前
- Start with the volume low and turn it up a little at a time. Four voices together are louder than one, even with our mixing.先把音量調小，再一點一點調大。四個聲部在一起，即使經過我們的混音，還是比一個聲部大聲。
- With headphones, keep the volume at no more than 60% of maximum, and use personal audio devices for less than one hour a day, as the World Health Organization suggests.戴耳機時，音量不要超過最大音量的 60%，個人音響裝置每天使用少於一小時，這是世界衛生組織的建議。
- When you sing along, stay in a comfortable range. If your throat hurts, stop and drink some water.跟著唱的時候，留在舒服的音域。如果喉嚨痛，就停下來喝點水。
Classroom Activity 1 · 課堂活動一
Four Ways to Sing One Song 一首歌的四種唱法
You need · 準備材料
- A short song or rhyme your class already knows (not a ceremonial song)一首全班已經會的短歌或童謠（不是祭儀歌曲）
- A space where groups can stand apart可以讓各組分開站的空間
Steps · 步驟
- Everyone sings it together: unison.全班一起唱：齊唱。
- Divide into three groups. Group 1 begins; Group 2 enters when Group 1 finishes the first line; Group 3 enters after Group 2: a round.分成三組。第一組開始；第一組唱完第一句，第二組進來；第二組之後，第三組進來：輪唱。
- A few singers hum one low note all the way through while the rest sing: a drone.幾位歌者從頭到尾哼一個低音，其他人唱歌：持續音。
- Let one group sing the same rhythm a little higher or lower, if they can find it: parts.讓一組用同樣的節奏唱得稍高或稍低（找得到的話）：分部。
- Talk about it: which sounded thickest? Which was easiest to follow?討論：哪一種聽起來最厚？哪一種最容易跟著唱？
Choose a song with a clear, steady beat. A round needs a tune that can be sung one after another.
選節拍清楚穩定的歌。輪唱需要可以一個接一個唱下去的旋律。
Classroom Activity 2 · 課堂活動二
Ask Before You Share 分享之前先問
You need · 準備材料
- A family member, teacher, or community member who is willing to talk一位願意聊聊的家人、老師或社區裡的人
- Paper and a pen紙和筆
Steps · 步驟
- Ask: what songs does your family or community sing? When are they sung?問：你的家人或社區唱哪些歌？什麼時候唱？
- Ask: are there songs that are only for certain times or places?問：有沒有只在特定時間或地點唱的歌？
- Ask: how would you like others to learn about them?問：你希望別人怎麼認識它們？
- Write down what you learned, and do not record or share it without asking.把學到的寫下來；沒有問過，不錄音也不分享。
Listening comes first. Say thank you, and give the person’s name and community when you share what they told you, if they agree.
先聽。說謝謝；對方同意的話，分享時註明是誰、哪個社區說的。
Go Further · 延伸閱讀
Before, around, and after this lesson 這一課的前面、旁邊和後面
Music · Lesson 14 · 音樂・第十四課What Makes Jazz Sound Like Jazz?爵士樂為什麼聽起來像爵士？More ways that players put sounds together.樂手把聲音放在一起的更多方式。Go to the lesson · 前往這一課 →Music · Lesson 12 · 音樂・第十二課What Do Chinese Instruments Sound Like?國樂器有哪些？Nanguan and Beiguan appear there too.南管和北管在那一課也出現。Go to the lesson · 前往這一課 →Music · Lesson 7 · 音樂・第七課What Is a Scale?音階是什麼？Our tune uses five notes of a scale.我們的旋律用的是音階裡的五個音。Go to the lesson · 前往這一課 →
Music · Lesson 16 · 音樂・第十六課What Is Buddhist Chanting?梵唄是什麼？Next: one long breath, sung together.接下來：一口長長的氣，大家一起唱。Coming soon · 製作中
Sources · 資料出處
Names, numbers, and quotations on this page were checked against these sources (October 2026). The tune and the four ways of layering are our own simple model; no song of any people or tradition is reproduced. · 本頁的名稱、數字與引文依下列資料查證（2026 年 10 月）；旋律與四種疊法是我們自己的簡單模型，沒有複製任何族群或樂種的歌。
- The Amis, Bunun, Paiwan, Rukai and Tsou are known for their polyphonic vocals, of which each has a unique variety; Shan'ge has traditionally been sung while people work, particularly during tea picking; Holo folk music阿美、布農、排灣、魯凱、鄒以複音人聲聞名，各有獨特的類型；山歌傳統上在工作時唱，特別是採茶；福佬民謠Wikipedia, “Music of Taiwan” ↗
- The Council of Indigenous Peoples grants recognized status; some scholars hold that these 16 groupings do not reflect any social entities原住民族委員會給予認定；有學者認為這 16 個分類並不反映任何社會實體Wikipedia, “Taiwanese indigenous peoples” and “Council of Indigenous Peoples” ↗
- The list of the 16 peoples: 阿美族、泰雅族、排灣族、布農族、卑南族、魯凱族、鄒族、賽夏族、雅美族、邵族、噶瑪蘭族、太魯閣族、撒奇萊雅族、賽德克族、拉阿魯哇族、卡那卡那富族十六族名單：阿美族、泰雅族、排灣族、布農族、卑南族、魯凱族、鄒族、賽夏族、雅美族、邵族、噶瑪蘭族、太魯閣族、撒奇萊雅族、賽德克族、拉阿魯哇族、卡那卡那富族原住民族委員會「原住民族16族簡介」 ↗
- Songs use lead-and-answer singing, chanting, and polyphonic counterpoint, showing the different needs of religious ritual, banquets, and leisure歌謠用領唱與答唱、吟唱歌詠及複音對位的方式，呈現宗教儀式、宴會交誼與休閒需求的不同表現原住民族委員會「阿美族」 ↗
- The song actually starts with only four parts; when the range goes up to a certain level, eight different pitches appear on the sound track, so people call it eight-part harmony歌曲一開始，其實只有四部合音，但當音域高到某個層次時，音軌會出現八個不同的音階，因此被世人稱之為八部合音原住民族委員會「布農族」 ↗
- Ancestral-spirit ritual songs are sacred, and may not be sung casually on ordinary days祖靈祭歌謠具有神聖性，平日禁止隨意吟唱。原住民族委員會「邵族」 ↗
- Often called eight-part, but not eight parts in vocal music; it is a four-part chorus that sounds like eight because of overtones; up to twelve people; sung on meaningless vowels; only among the Bunun Luan and Jun groups; Amis ritual music is sung only at specific ceremonies; the name for the harvest festival rarely carries the meaning of harvest常被稱為八部合音，但並非聲樂中的八部，而是四部合唱曲，因為出現泛音而聽起來像是有八部；可增加至十二人；歌詞全以無意義之母音來演唱；僅流傳於布農族巒社群和郡社群；阿美族祭儀音樂多半只在特定儀式舉行時吟唱；「豐年祭」多不帶有「豐收」之意涵中文維基百科「八部合音」「阿美族」 ↗
- Art. 3: traditional ritual, music, dance, songs ...; Art. 4: only works that are recognized and registered are protected; Art. 13: the right holder may license use; Art. 16: use needed for reporting, commentary, education or research must state the source第 3 條：傳統之宗教祭儀、音樂、舞蹈、歌曲……；第 4 條：應經主管機關認定並登記，始受保護；第 13 條：專用權人得授權他人使用；第 16 條：為報導、評論、教育或研究之必要使用，應註明出處全國法規資料庫《原住民族傳統智慧創作保護條例》 ↗
- Old music popular in Fujian, Taiwan, and Southeast Asia since the Song and Yuan; the singer holds clappers, and the accompaniment is mainly pipa with dongxiao, sanxian, erxian, and four boards宋元以後，流行於福建、臺灣及東南亞地區的古樂……歌者執拍板，伴奏樂器以琵琶為主，再配以洞簫、三弦、二弦、四塊板等樂器。教育部《重編國語辭典修訂本》「南管」 ↗
- Nanguan is typically slow, gentle, delicate and melodic, heterophonic; 北管為臺灣漢族傳統音樂的其中一種……「北」也用來表示較熱鬧高亢的音樂風格南管通常緩慢、柔和、細緻而有旋律性，是異音的；北管是台灣漢族傳統音樂的一種，「北」也表示較熱鬧高亢的風格Wikipedia, “Nanguan music” and 中文維基百科「北管」 ↗
- Mountain song: a short, free-rhythm folk song popular in mountain villages. Taiwanese opera: folk arts from southern Fujian came to Taiwan and gradually developed into an independent genre. Folk song: simple music passed down among the people山歌：一種形式短小，節奏自由，曲調爽朗質樸，流行於山村間的民歌。歌仔戲：明末閩南的錦歌、採茶曲、車鼓弄等民間藝術傳入臺灣後……逐漸發展成為獨立戲種。民謠：民間歌謠，由民間流傳下來的純樸音樂教育部《重編國語辭典修訂本》「山歌」「歌仔戲」「民謠」 ↗
- Mountain songs have wide content and simple form, and the words are improvised; the old mountain song, mountain-song-zi, and pingban are the three main tunes; pingban is also called the “improved tune”「山歌」演唱的內容廣泛，曲式結構簡單，歌詞具有即興特點；把「老山歌」、「山歌子」、「平板」歸為三大調；「平板」……故又稱為「改良調」教育部《客家語辭典》「客家山歌」（鄭榮興） ↗
- The three tunes are fixed, and the words can be changed and improvised; “nine accents and eighteen tunes” is generally taken as a figure of speech; Taiwanese folk songs are sorted into indigenous, Hakka, and Taiwanese Hokkien; Taiwanese opera tunes are taken from folk ballads此三調之曲調固定，歌詞可隨意變化、即興創作；一般認為「九腔十八調」為虛詞；台灣民謠可依種族與語言分為原住民族、客家民謠與臺灣閩南話民謠；歌仔戲曲調採自歌謠小調中文維基百科「客家山歌」「台灣民謠」「歌仔戲」 ↗
- Unison: parts that sound the same pitch or pitches an octave apart; round: multiple voices sing exactly the same melody, each beginning at different times; drone: a note or chord continuously sounded; polyphony: two or more simultaneous lines of independent melody; heterophony: simultaneous variation of a single melodic line齊唱：同一個音高或相差八度；輪唱：多個聲部唱同一旋律、各自在不同時間開始；持續音：持續發聲的一個音或和弦；複音：兩條以上同時進行、各自獨立的旋律線；異音：同一旋律線同時出現變化Wikipedia, “Unison”, “Round (music)”, “Drone (music)”, “Polyphony” and “Heterophony” ↗
- Round: a chorus is divided into two or more groups, each singing the same melody one after another at a set interval. Unison singing: two or more singers sing the same melody at the same time without parts. Chorus: many people divided into parts singing a multi-part tune together輪唱：一個合唱團將團員分成二組以上，每組按一定時距先後演唱同一旋律的歌曲。齊唱：兩位以上的歌唱者，不分聲部按照同一旋律同時演唱。合唱：將多數人分成幾個聲部，同時演唱多聲部的曲調教育部《重編國語辭典修訂本》「輪唱」「齊唱」「合唱」 ↗
- Taiwan's 12-year curriculum: arts (music) 音 E-Ⅱ-1, 音 E-Ⅲ-1, 音 A-Ⅱ-1, 音 A-Ⅲ-1十二年國民基本教育課程綱要藝術領域：音 E-Ⅱ-1、音 E-Ⅲ-1、音 A-Ⅱ-1、音 A-Ⅲ-1國家教育研究院，十二年國教藝術領域課綱 ↗
- Safe listening: headphone volume to 60% of maximum, personal audio devices less than one hour a day安全聆聽：耳機音量不超過最大的 60%、個人音響裝置每天少於一小時WHO, Make Listening Safe brochure (2021) ↗