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Music · Unit 4 · Lesson 13 · 音樂 單元四 第十三課

How Did Western Music Change Over 400 Years?西洋古典音樂四百年怎麼變？

Hear one short tune written three ways: Baroque, Classical, and Romantic. See the notes, the loudness, and the tempo, and learn to hear which style is which.
聽同一段短旋律用三種寫法：巴洛克、古典和浪漫。看音符、力度和速度，學會聽出哪一種是哪一種。

Sound stays off until you press the button, and it starts quiet. If you hear nothing on an iPhone, check the silent switch.按下按鈕之前不會發出聲音，而且一開始很小聲。如果在 iPhone 上聽不到，請檢查靜音開關。

Big idea · 一句話看懂

Music is written differently in different times. The same tune can get a different accompaniment, loudness, and tempo, and that is a big part of what the names Baroque, Classical, and Romantic point to.
不同的時代，音樂的寫法不同。同一段旋律可以有不同的伴奏、力度和速度，而這正是「巴洛克」「古典」「浪漫」這些名稱主要指的東西。

Try It · 動手試試

One Tune, Three Styles 一段旋律，三種寫法

We wrote one short tune of four bars. Choose a period and press play. The gold notes are the tune, and they stay exactly the same. The teal notes are the accompaniment, and the purple line is the loudness. The three versions are our own simple imitations of typical features, not real pieces from those periods. Switch on “Tune only” to check that the tune does not change.
我們寫了一段四小節的短旋律。選一個時期，按播放。金色的音是旋律，完全不變。青綠色的音是伴奏，紫色的線是力度。這三個版本是我們依典型特徵做的簡單模仿，不是那些時期的真曲子。打開「只聽旋律」，檢查旋律有沒有變。

Period · 時期

What is typical of this style · 這種寫法的典型特徵

  • A continuous bass line, called basso continuo, with a chord instrument such as a harpsichord or organ.不停的低音，叫通奏低音（持續低音），由大鍵琴或管風琴等能彈和弦的樂器擔任。
  • Loudness changes in steps: piano, then forte. This is called terraced dynamics, and a harpsichord cannot vary its loudness by touch.力度一階一階地換：弱，然後強。這叫階梯式力度；大鍵琴不能用手指的力道改變音量。
  • Ornaments, such as trills and mordents, were often added by the performers. We add one short ornament.裝飾音，例如顫音與迴音，常由演奏者自己加上。我們加了一個短短的裝飾音。
  • Our own simplification: short, bright, plucked-sounding notes, as on a harpsichord.我們自己的簡化：短而亮、像撥出來的音，像大鍵琴。

Reading · 英文閱讀

13

Unit 13: How Did Western Music Change Over 400 Years?

The words “classical music” can mean all of the Western art music tradition, from the Middle Ages to today. But there is also a narrower Classical period. In this lesson we look at three periods that are often named: the Baroque, roughly 1600 to 1750, the Classical, roughly 1750 to 1820, and the Romantic, roughly the nineteenth century. The dates are only approximate, and the books disagree about them.

「古典音樂」這幾個字，可以指整個西方藝術音樂的傳統，從中世紀到今天。但也有比較窄的「古典時期」。這一課我們看三個常被提到的時期：巴洛克，大約 1600 到 1750 年；古典，大約 1750 到 1820 年；浪漫，大約是十九世紀。年代只是約略的，各書的說法也不一樣。

Much Baroque music has a basso continuo: a bass line that keeps going, played by a bass instrument together with an instrument that can play chords, such as a harpsichord or an organ. Performers often added ornaments, such as trills and mordents. A harpsichord cannot change its loudness by how hard you press the key, so the dynamics were often terraced, a step from piano to forte. But not all of it: later composers, such as Vivaldi, used more varied dynamics.

許多巴洛克音樂有通奏低音：一條不停的低音，由低音樂器和一件能彈和弦的樂器（例如大鍵琴或管風琴）一起演奏。演奏者常常加上裝飾音，例如顫音和迴音。大鍵琴不能用按鍵的力道改變音量，所以力度常常是階梯式的，從弱一階跳到強。但不是全部：後來的作曲家，例如韋瓦第，用了更多變化的力度。

Classical music tends to have a lighter, clearer texture. It is mainly homophonic, with a clear melody over a chordal accompaniment. The phrases are balanced and brief, typically four bars long. A common accompaniment is the Alberti bass, which plays the notes of a chord in the order lowest, highest, middle, highest. The symphony and the string quartet became prominent, and the piano gradually replaced the harpsichord.

古典音樂的織度比較輕、比較清楚。它主要是主音音樂（homophony）：一條清楚的旋律，在和弦的伴奏之上。樂句平衡而短，通常是四小節。常見的伴奏是阿貝提低音，把和弦的音依「最低、最高、中間、最高」的順序彈。交響曲和弦樂四重奏變得重要，鋼琴也逐漸取代了大鍵琴。

Romantic composers sought to make music that was individual, emotional, and dramatic. They used a wider range of dynamics, for example from ppp to fff, and more chromatic harmony. The orchestra grew, with as many as 120 players for the works of Wagner and Mahler. The modern piano, with its more powerful and more sustained tone, took over from the fortepiano. And the inspiration was not only love: it could be nature, literature, or poetry.

浪漫時期的作曲家想寫個人的、情感的、戲劇性的音樂。他們用更寬的力度範圍，例如從 ppp 到 fff，與更半音化的和聲。樂團變大了，華格納與馬勒的作品用到多達 120 位演奏者。現代鋼琴音量更大、延音更長，取代了古鋼琴。而靈感不只是愛情：可以是自然、文學或詩。

The periods overlap, and many composers do not fit just one. Bach (1685–1750) is a late Baroque composer. Mozart (1756–1791) is a Classical composer. Chopin (1810–1849) is an early Romantic composer. Beethoven (1770–1827) was mentored during the Classical period, and his style was a key driver of the transition to Romantic music. Schubert (1797–1828) belongs to the late Classical and early Romantic eras.

這些時期互相重疊，許多作曲家也不只屬於一個。巴哈（1685–1750）是巴洛克晚期的作曲家。莫札特（1756–1791）是古典時期的作曲家。蕭邦（1810–1849）是早期浪漫的作曲家。貝多芬（1770–1827）在古典時期受教，他的風格是推動轉向浪漫音樂的關鍵。舒伯特（1797–1828）屬於古典晚期與浪漫早期。

The tune on this page is our own, and the three versions are only teaching imitations of some typical features. Real composers varied a great deal. One musicologist points out that there is too much diversity within the music of the time to make sweeping generalizations. So treat the names as helpful handles, and listen to real music with open ears.

這一頁的旋律是我們自己寫的，三個版本只是對一些典型特徵的教學式模仿。真正的作曲家變化很大。一位音樂學者指出，那個時代的音樂內部差異太大，不能一概而論。所以把這些名稱當作方便的把手，然後用開放的耳朵去聽真正的音樂。
Read aloud · 課文朗讀

Questions · 閱讀理解

What is an Alberti bass?

An accompaniment figure that plays the notes of a chord in the order lowest, highest, middle, highest. It is often used in the Classical era.

Why were Baroque dynamics often “terraced”?

A harpsichord cannot vary its loudness by touch, so a change in loudness came as a step, from piano to forte. But later Baroque composers used more varied dynamics.

Why is Beethoven hard to put in just one period?

He was mentored in the Classical period, and his style drove the transition to Romantic music. Some call him a transitional composer.

Words & Phrases · 生字及片語

baroque(adj.)巴洛克的A baroque piece may have a basso continuo.巴洛克的曲子可能有通奏低音。classical period(n.)古典時期Haydn and Mozart wrote in the Classical period.海頓和莫札特在古典時期寫作。romantic(adj.)浪漫的Romantic music is often emotional and dramatic.浪漫的音樂常常很有情感、很戲劇化。harpsichord(n.)大鍵琴A harpsichord plucks its strings.大鍵琴用撥的方式讓弦發聲。ornament(n.)裝飾音A trill is an ornament.顫音是一種裝飾音。texture(n.)織度（音樂的層次）Classical music has a clear, light texture.古典音樂的織度清楚而輕。rubato(n.)彈性速度The player uses a little rubato at the end of the phrase.演奏者在樂句的結尾用了一點彈性速度。chromatic(adj.)半音的Chromatic harmony uses notes from outside the key.半音化的和聲用到調外的音。

Quick Check · 小測驗

1. About when was the Classical period?

2. What is a basso continuo?

3. Which accompaniment plays lowest, highest, middle, highest?

4. What does rubato mean?

5. Which instrument replaced the harpsichord as the main keyboard?

Try It · 動手試試

Four things to try 四件值得試的事

Then try the game below: can you tell the three styles apart without looking?
然後試試下面的遊戲：不看畫面，你分得出三種寫法嗎？

Hear the Baroque聽巴洛克

Steps in loudness · 力度一階一階

Watch the loudness curve: it drops in one step in the third bar.
看力度曲線：在第三小節一階掉下去。

Hear the Classical聽古典

Low, high, middle, high · 低、高、中、高

The teal notes underneath go low, high, middle, high, again and again.
下面青綠色的音一直重複 低、高、中、高。

Hear the Romantic聽浪漫

A wide, flexible sound · 寬廣、有彈性

The piece slows down at the ends of phrases, and the notes cover the widest range.
樂曲在句尾放慢，音的範圍最寬。

Check the tune檢查旋律

Tune only · 只聽旋律

Switch on “Tune only” and play all three. The gold notes are the same each time.
打開「只聽旋律」，三個都播一次。金色的音每次都一樣。

Game · 小遊戲

Which Style Is It? 這是哪一種寫法？

Six questions. Each one plays our tune in one of the three styles. Choose which one. If you cannot hear the sound, press “What is in the music” to read what the music is doing.
六道題。每一題用三種寫法之一播放我們的旋律。選出是哪一種。如果聽不到聲音，按「音樂裡有什麼」，讀一讀音樂在做什麼。

Question 1 of 6 · 第 1 題（共 6 題）

Right on the first try · 第一次就答對 0 / 0

Timeline · 時間軸

Four Hundred Years 四百年

The three periods overlap, and the books give different dates. Here are the dates that the sources gave.
三個時期互相重疊，各書給的年代也不一樣。這裡是各來源給的年代。

155016001650170017501800185019001950
Baroque巴洛克 · 1600–1750
Classical古典 · 1750–1820
Romantic浪漫 · 1810–1900
  • Baroque. About 1600 to 1750 (one page says 1580). The harpsichord is the main keyboard, and the orchestra is not yet standard.巴洛克：約 1600 到 1750（有一頁寫 1580）。大鍵琴是主要的鍵盤，樂團還沒有標準化。
  • Classical. Roughly 1750 to 1820 (Taiwan’s NAER gives 1825). The piano replaces the harpsichord, and the orchestra is typically about 40.古典：約 1750 到 1820（國教院寫 1825）。鋼琴取代大鍵琴，樂團通常約 40 人。
  • Romantic. From the early nineteenth century to the early twentieth (NAER gives 1820 to 1900). Orchestras grow, up to about 120 players.浪漫：從十九世紀初到二十世紀初（國教院寫 1820 到 1900）。樂團變大，多達約 120 人。

A short “galant” transition lies between the Baroque and the Classical, and Beethoven stands between the Classical and the Romantic. Boundaries like these are a convenience for us.巴洛克與古典之間有一段短短的「加朗」過渡期，貝多芬站在古典與浪漫之間。這樣的界線，是為了方便我們。

Stories Behind the Notes · 音符背後的故事

A word with two meanings, a keyboard that changed, a bigger orchestra, and a bridge 一個有兩個意思的詞、一件改變的鍵盤、變大的樂團，和一座橋

Four short stories about how Western music changed.
關於西洋音樂怎麼變的四個小故事。

A Word · 一個詞

“Classical” twice兩個「古典」

In Taiwan’s dictionary, 古典音樂 has two senses. The first is art music rooted in the Western tradition, from about the eleventh century to the present. The second is the music of the Classical period, 1750 to 1820, valuing form, reason, and objectivity, and setting the model for the symphony, the sonata, and chamber music. So the word “classical” has to be read from the context.
在台灣的辭典裡，「古典音樂」有兩個意思。第一個是根植於西方傳統的藝術音樂，從大約十一世紀直到現在。第二個是古典時期 1750 到 1820 年的音樂，注重形式、理性與客觀，建立了交響曲、奏鳴曲和室內樂的典範。所以「古典」這個詞，要看上下文才知道指哪一個。

A Keyboard · 一件鍵盤

From harpsichord to piano從大鍵琴到鋼琴

A harpsichord plucks its strings and gives no expressive control over individual notes. The piano can continuously vary dynamics by touch, so it slowly took over in the Classical period. In the nineteenth century a cast iron frame allowed much greater string tension, and the modern piano, with a more powerful and sustained tone, took over from the more delicate fortepiano. The harpsichord did not vanish at once: Classical composers still used it in concerts.
大鍵琴是撥弦，對單一個音沒有表情的控制。鋼琴可以用手指力道連續改變力度，所以在古典時期慢慢取代了它。十九世紀，鑄鐵框讓弦可以承受大得多的張力，音量更大、延音更長的現代鋼琴，取代了比較纖細的古鋼琴。大鍵琴不是一下子消失的：古典時期的作曲家在音樂會上還是常常用它。

A Bigger Orchestra · 變大的樂團

From about 40 to over 100從約 40 人到一百多人

Baroque orchestras were not standardized: one orchestra of Bach had up to 18 players, while Corelli’s in Rome had between 35 and 80 for daily performances. The typical Classical orchestra was around 40. The size of the orchestra grew throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, to as many as 120 players for Wagner and Mahler.
巴洛克的樂團沒有標準：巴哈的一個樂團多達 18 位演奏者，而柯雷利在羅馬的樂團，平日演出有 35 到 80 位。古典時期的典型樂團大約 40 人。樂團的規模在十八和十九世紀不斷成長，到華格納和馬勒時，多達 120 位演奏者。

A Bridge · 一座橋

Beethoven, in between貝多芬，在中間

Beethoven was mentored during the Classical period, and his musical style was a key driver of the transition to Romantic music. Some people count his Third Symphony as the first symphony of the Romantic era, though that is contested. Schubert, who was born in 1797, is also described as a composer of the late Classical and early Romantic eras. Real music does not stay in boxes.
貝多芬在古典時期受教，他的音樂風格是推動轉向浪漫音樂的關鍵。有些人把他的第三號交響曲算成浪漫時期的第一首交響曲，不過這有爭議。1797 年出生的舒伯特，也被描述為古典晚期與浪漫早期的作曲家。真正的音樂不會待在盒子裡。

In the Curriculum · 對應課綱

Where this lesson fits 這一課對應的課綱

The curriculum names composers and musical vocabulary, and, for senior high, music of different periods. The words Baroque and Romantic do not appear in the curriculum itself.
課綱寫到作曲家與音樂語彙，高中階段才寫到不同時期的音樂。「巴洛克」「浪漫」這些詞，課綱本文裡沒有出現。

  • 音 E-Ⅱ-4藝術領域・音樂（國小三、四年級） · Arts, music (grades 3–4)

    音樂元素，如：節奏、力度、速度等。

    Dynamics and tempo are what change from style to style in this lesson.這一課裡，隨寫法而變的就是力度和速度。

  • 音 A-Ⅲ-1藝術領域・音樂（國小五、六年級） · Arts, music (grades 5–6)

    器樂曲與聲樂曲，如：各國民謠、本土與傳統音樂、古典與流行音樂等，以及樂曲之作曲家、演奏者、傳統藝師與創作背景。

    Classical music is named here, along with its composers and the background of a piece.這裡寫到古典音樂，與樂曲的作曲家和創作背景。

  • 音 A-Ⅲ-2藝術領域・音樂（國小五、六年級） · Arts, music (grades 5–6)

    相關音樂語彙，如曲調、調式等描述音樂元素之音樂術語，或相關之一般性用語。

    Words like these help us describe what we hear.這樣的詞，幫助我們描述聽到的東西。

  • 音 2-V-1藝術領域・音樂（高中） · Arts, music (senior high)

    能使用適當的音樂語彙，賞析不同時期與地域的音樂作品，探索音樂與文化

    Music of different periods and places is named in senior high school.高中階段才寫到不同時期與地域的音樂作品。

Myth vs. Fact · 常見迷思

Four things people get wrong 四個常見的誤會

✗ Myth · 迷思Baroque music ended exactly in 1750, when Bach died.巴洛克音樂在 1750 年巴哈去世時剛好結束。

✓ Fact · 事實1750 is a convenient end date. The sources admit appreciable disagreement, and there was a short transition, the galant style, in between.1750 只是方便的結束年份。資料承認各家的說法有明顯的差異，中間還有一段短短的過渡期，「加朗」風格。

✗ Myth · 迷思“Classical music” means only the music of Mozart’s time.「古典音樂」只指莫札特那個時代的音樂。

✓ Fact · 事實The term can include all Western art music. The narrower Classical period is roughly 1750 to 1820.這個詞可以包括所有西方藝術音樂。比較窄的古典時期，大約是 1750 到 1820 年。

✗ Myth · 迷思Romantic music is all about love.浪漫音樂都是在寫愛情。

✓ Fact · 事實It is often inspired by nature, literature, poetry, or the fine arts. “Romantic” here is tied to the Romanticism movement, not only to romance.它常常受自然、文學、詩或美術啟發。這裡的「浪漫」連著浪漫主義這場運動，不只是愛情。

✗ Myth · 迷思Rubato was invented by the Romantic composers.彈性速度是浪漫時期的作曲家發明的。

✓ Fact · 事實The term rubato existed even before the Romantic era. Romantic players used it a great deal for expression.「rubato」這個詞在浪漫時期之前就有了。浪漫時期的演奏者為了表情，用得很多。

Remember It · 記憶口訣

Three styles in a sentence 一句話記住三種寫法

Baroque: a bass that never stops巴洛克：不停的低音

Basso continuo, ornaments, steps in loudness.
通奏低音、裝飾音、力度一階一階。

Classical: clear and balanced古典：清楚而平衡

Melody over chords, short phrases, Alberti bass.
旋律在和弦上、短樂句、阿貝提低音。

Romantic: wide and personal浪漫：寬廣而個人

Big dynamics, more chromatic harmony, rubato.
大的力度、更半音化的和聲、彈性速度。

The dates are approximate年代只是約略的

Composers do not stay in boxes.
作曲家不會待在盒子裡。

Protect Your Ears · 保護耳朵

Before you listen 聽之前

  • Start with the volume low and turn it up a little at a time. The Romantic version gets much louder in the middle.先把音量調小，再一點一點調大。浪漫的版本在中間會變得大聲很多。
  • With headphones, keep the volume at no more than 60% of maximum, and use personal audio devices for less than one hour a day, as the World Health Organization suggests.戴耳機時，音量不要超過最大音量的 60%，個人音響裝置每天使用少於一小時，這是世界衛生組織的建議。
  • In a concert hall, you may hear very loud passages. If something is too loud, covering your ears for a moment is fine.在音樂廳裡，你可能會聽到非常響的段落。如果太大聲，暫時摀住耳朵也沒關係。

Classroom Activity 1 · 課堂活動一

Three Ways to Play One Tune 一段旋律，三種彈法

You need · 準備材料

  • A simple tune everyone knows, such as a short nursery song大家都會的簡單旋律，例如一首短短的童謠
  • A keyboard or xylophone, or just voices and clapping鍵盤或木琴，或只用聲音和拍手

Steps · 步驟

  1. Play or sing the tune plainly, one time. Everyone listens.平平地彈或唱一次旋律。大家聽。
  2. Version 1: play every note short and bright, and play the loudness in steps: loud, loud, soft, soft.版本一：每個音彈得短而亮，力度一階一階：大聲、大聲、小聲、小聲。
  3. Version 2: add a steady pattern underneath: low, high, middle, high. Make the loudness grow and fade smoothly.版本二：下面加一個穩定的圖樣：低、高、中、高。讓力度平順地漸強再漸弱。
  4. Version 3: play slowly, slow down at the end of each phrase, and make big swings from very soft to very loud.版本三：慢慢彈，每個樂句結尾放慢，從很弱到很強，大幅度地起伏。
  5. Talk about it: which one felt the most like a story? Which was the most tidy? Why?討論：哪一個最像在說故事？哪一個最整齊？為什麼？

There is no right answer for how each one feels. Let students use their own words.
每一個版本給人的感覺沒有標準答案。讓學生用自己的話說。

Classroom Activity 2 · 課堂活動二

A Class Timeline 班級時間軸

You need · 準備材料

  • A long strip of paper一長條紙
  • Colored pens彩色筆
  • The timeline on this page本頁的時間軸

Steps · 步驟

  1. Mark the years 1600, 1700, 1800, and 1900 along the strip.在紙條上標出 1600、1700、1800、1900 年。
  2. Draw the three periods as colored bars. Let them overlap where the sources disagree.把三個時期畫成彩色長條。各來源不同的地方，讓它們重疊。
  3. Add the composers from this page with their years of birth and death.把本頁的作曲家和他們的生卒年加上去。
  4. Ask: who lived in two periods? What changed in the instruments and the orchestra?問：誰橫跨兩個時期？樂器和樂團改變了什麼？

Let students argue about where to draw the lines. That is the point.
讓學生為界線畫在哪裡爭論。那就是重點。

Go Further · 延伸閱讀

Before, around, and after this lesson 這一課的前面、旁邊和後面

Music · Lesson 12 · 音樂・第十二課What Do Chinese Instruments Sound Like?國樂器有哪些？Another orchestra, built on the same idea of sections.另一種樂團，用同樣「分組」的想法建成。Go to the lesson · 前往這一課 →Music · Lesson 10 · 音樂・第十課What Happens Inside a Piano?鋼琴裡面發生了什麼？How the piano can vary its loudness by touch.鋼琴怎麼能用手指的力道改變音量。Go to the lesson · 前往這一課 →Music · Lesson 11 · 音樂・第十一課Who Sits Where in an Orchestra?交響樂團怎麼坐？How the orchestra grew in size.樂團怎麼越變越大。Go to the lesson · 前往這一課 →Music · Lesson 14 · 音樂・第十四課What Makes Jazz Sound Like Jazz?爵士樂為什麼聽起來像爵士？Next: swinging rhythm and improvisation.接下來：搖擺的節奏與即興。Go to the lesson · 前往這一課 →

Sources · 資料出處

Names, dates, and quotations on this page were checked against these sources (October 2026). The tune and the three versions are our own teaching imitations, and their rhythm, loudness, and harmony are covered by automatic tests. · 本頁的名稱、年代與引文依下列資料查證（2026 年 10 月）；旋律與三個版本是我們自己的教學模仿，節奏、力度與和聲有自動測試。

  1. The period or dominant style of Western classical music composed from about 1600 to 1750; appreciable disagreement about time boundaries; extensive ornamentation, typically improvised, such as trills and mordents; the harpsichord was the pre-eminent keyboard instrument; a short transition (the galant style)約 1600 到 1750 年作曲的西方古典音樂的時期或主流風格；時間界線有明顯的分歧；大量裝飾音，通常即興，例如顫音與迴音；大鍵琴是最重要的鍵盤樂器；一段短短的過渡（加朗風格）Wikipedia, “Baroque music” ↗
  2. Basso continuo is a harmonic structure almost universal in the Baroque era; at least one chord instrument such as a harpsichord or organ, and bass instruments; terraced dynamics is the alternation of piano and forte; later Baroque musicians such as Vivaldi used more varied dynamics通奏低音是巴洛克時期幾乎普遍的和聲結構；至少一件能彈和弦的樂器，如大鍵琴或管風琴，加上低音樂器；階梯式力度是弱與強的交替；後來的巴洛克音樂家如韋瓦第用了更多變化的力度Wikipedia, “Basso continuo” and “Dynamics (music)” ↗
  3. An era of classical music between roughly 1750 and 1820; a lighter, clearer texture than the Baroque; mainly homophonic; balanced phrases, typically four bars; symphony and string quartet; the harpsichord was superseded by the piano; composers more often indicated ornaments約 1750 到 1820 年的古典音樂時代；織度比巴洛克更輕、更清楚；主要是主音音樂；平衡的樂句，通常四小節；交響曲與弦樂四重奏；大鍵琴被鋼琴取代；作曲家更常標出裝飾音Wikipedia, “Classical period (music)” ↗
  4. An accompaniment figure often used in the Classical era, in which the notes of the chord are presented in the order lowest, highest, middle, highest古典時期常用的伴奏型態，和弦的音依最低、最高、中間、最高的順序出現Wikipedia, “Alberti bass” ↗
  5. Composers sought music that was individualistic, emotional, dramatic, and often programmatic; a wider range of dynamics, for example from ppp to fff; increased chromaticism; inspired by nature, literature, poetry, super-natural elements, or the fine arts; large, grand orchestras作曲家想要個人的、情感的、戲劇性的、常常標題性的音樂；更寬的力度範圍，如 ppp 到 fff；更多半音化；受自然、文學、詩、超自然或美術啟發；大型、宏偉的樂團Wikipedia, “Romantic music” ↗
  6. The term classical music includes all Western art music from the medieval era to the 21st century; the Classical era is the 1750s to the early 1820s; the Romantic era from roughly the first decade of the 19th century to the early 20th century; the modern piano took over from the fortepiano; Beethoven as a transitional composer「古典音樂」包括從中世紀到二十一世紀的所有西方藝術音樂；古典時期是 1750 年代到 1820 年代初；浪漫時期約從十九世紀的第一個十年到二十世紀初；現代鋼琴取代了古鋼琴；貝多芬是過渡的作曲家Wikipedia, “Western classical music” ↗
  7. Expressive and rhythmic freedom by a slight speeding up and then slowing down of the tempo; the term existed even before the Romantic era藉由稍微加快、再放慢速度而得到的表情與節奏的自由；這個詞在浪漫時期之前就有了Wikipedia, “Tempo rubato” ↗
  8. The harpsichord offers no dynamic or expressive control over individual notes; the piano can continuously vary dynamics by touch; the cast iron frame allowed much greater string tensions大鍵琴對單一個音沒有力度或表情的控制；鋼琴可以用手指力道連續改變力度；鑄鐵框讓弦可以承受大得多的張力Wikipedia, “Piano” and “Fortepiano” ↗
  9. The orchestra grew in size throughout the 18th and 19th centuries; as many as 120 players for Wagner and later Mahler; in the Baroque era the size and composition were not standardised; Bach had up to 18 players at Koethen樂團在十八、十九世紀不斷成長；華格納與後來的馬勒多達 120 位；巴洛克時期的規模與編制沒有標準化；巴哈在克滕有多達 18 位演奏者Wikipedia, “Orchestra” ↗
  10. Beethoven was mentored during the Classical period, and his style was a key driver of the transition to Romantic music; born 1770 (baptised 17 December 1770), died 1827; Schubert was an Austrian composer of the late Classical and early Romantic eras貝多芬在古典時期受教，他的風格是轉向浪漫音樂的關鍵；1770 年出生（12 月 17 日受洗），1827 年去世；舒伯特是古典晚期與浪漫早期的奧地利作曲家Wikipedia, “Ludwig van Beethoven” and “Franz Schubert” ↗
  11. Bach 1685–1750; Mozart 1756–1791; Chopin 1810–1849巴哈 1685–1750；莫札特 1756–1791；蕭邦 1810–1849Wikipedia, composer pages: Bach, Mozart, Chopin ↗
  12. Sense 2: the music of the classicist period, 1750–1820, valuing form, reason, and objectivity, and setting the model for the symphony, sonata, and chamber music; sense 1: art music rooted in the Western tradition, from about the eleventh century to the present2. 指西元 1750～1820 年古典主義時期的音樂，其特色為注重形式、理性與客觀，建立了交響曲、奏鳴曲及室內樂等的典範；1. 泛指根植於西方音樂傳統的藝術音樂，包含了從大約十一世紀直至當代的廣大時間範圍教育部《重編國語辭典修訂本》「古典音樂」 ↗
  13. Harpsichord: a mechanism plucks the strings instead of striking them; replaced by the piano after the 18th century. Symphony: established by Haydn after the mid-18th century and expanded by Beethoven. Romantic school: popular in the 19th century, showing individuality, self, and unrestrained emotion大鍵琴: 利用機械裝置撥動琴弦，而非機械敲擊；十八世紀後漸為鋼琴所取代。交響曲: 十八世紀中葉後由海頓所奠立，貝多芬逐漸擴充發展。浪漫樂派: 流行於十九世紀，以展現個性、自我、無拘無束的情感為主教育部《重編國語辭典修訂本》「大鍵琴」「交響曲」「浪漫樂派」 ↗
  14. baroque period 巴洛克時期（1600 至 1750）, classical period 古典時期（約 1750 至 1825）, romantic period 浪漫時期（約 1820 至 1900）, harpsichord 大鍵琴, ornaments 裝飾音, rubato 彈性速度, Alberti bass 阿貝提低音baroque period 巴洛克時期（1600 至 1750）、classical period 古典時期（約 1750 至 1825）、romantic period 浪漫時期（約 1820 至 1900）、harpsichord 大鍵琴、ornaments 裝飾音、rubato 彈性速度、Alberti bass 阿貝提低音國家教育研究院「學術名詞資訊網」（音樂名詞） ↗
  15. Taiwan's 12-year curriculum: arts (music) 音 E-Ⅱ-4, 音 A-Ⅲ-1, 音 A-Ⅲ-2, 音 2-V-1十二年國民基本教育課程綱要藝術領域：音 E-Ⅱ-4、音 A-Ⅲ-1、音 A-Ⅲ-2、音 2-V-1國家教育研究院，十二年國教藝術領域課綱 ↗
  16. Safe listening: headphone volume to 60% of maximum, personal audio devices less than one hour a day安全聆聽：耳機音量不超過最大的 60%、個人音響裝置每天少於一小時WHO, Make Listening Safe brochure (2021) ↗