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長恨歌

一百二十句,站上最長的一首。前半是史書,後半是神話——白居易在正中間換了體裁,而且沒有告訴你。

詩人白居易 Bai Juyi(772–846)
年代元和元年(806),白居易任盩厔縣尉時,與友人遊仙遊寺談及玄宗楊妃事而作
詩體七言歌行(長篇敘事詩)
主題愛情・亂離・尋而不得

全詩 · 中英對照

長恨歌 Song of Everlasting Regret

點任一行的 🔊 可以聽英譯的發音。英譯是逐句白話直譯,不押韻、不湊字數,只求把中文的意思說清楚。

1一、傾國之求目錄 ↑

漢皇重色思傾國,The Han emperor loved beauty, and longed for one who could topple a kingdom;
御宇多年求不得。for years he ruled the world and searched, and did not find her.
楊家有女初長成,There was a daughter of the Yang family, just come of age,
養在深閨人未識。raised in the inner chambers, and known to no one.
天生麗質難自棄,Beauty born in her could not keep itself hidden;
一朝選在君王側。one morning she was chosen, and stood at the ruler's side.
回眸一笑百媚生,She turned her head, she smiled once, and a hundred charms were born;
六宮粉黛無顏色。and the painted women of the Six Palaces lost all their color.

2二、承恩專寵目錄 ↑

春寒賜浴華清池,In the spring chill she was granted the baths at Huaqing Pool,
溫泉水滑洗凝脂。where the warm spring water slid over skin like pressed cream.
侍兒扶起嬌無力,Her maids lifted her up, so languid she could not stand;
始是新承恩澤時。that was the hour she first received his favor.
雲鬢花顏金步搖,Cloud of hair, blossom of face, gold pendants swaying as she walked;
芙蓉帳暖度春宵。warm behind hibiscus curtains, they passed the nights of spring.
春宵苦短日高起,The spring nights were bitterly short; the sun was high when they rose.
從此君王不早朝。From then on the emperor held no morning court.
承歡侍宴無閒暇,Pleasing him, attending the feasts, she had no leisure left;
春從春遊夜專夜。spring by spring she traveled with him, and night after night was hers alone.
後宮佳麗三千人,Three thousand beauties filled the inner palace,
三千寵愛在一身。and the love owed to three thousand fell on one body.
金屋妝成嬌侍夜,Dressed in the Golden Chamber, she waited on him through the night;
玉樓宴罷醉和春。when the feast in the Jade Tower ended, she was drunk and full of spring.
姊妹弟兄皆列土,Her sisters and her brothers were all given lands and titles;
可憐光彩生門戶。such glory—it is painful to say it—shone upon that household.
遂令天下父母心,And so it came about that parents throughout the empire
不重生男重生女。no longer prized the birth of a son, but the birth of a daughter.

3三、漁陽鼙鼓目錄 ↑

驪宮高處入青雲,High on Li Mountain the palace rose into the blue cloud;
仙樂風飄處處聞。music of the immortals drifted on the wind and was heard everywhere.
緩歌慢舞凝絲竹,Slow songs, slow dances, strings and flutes held still in the air;
盡日君王看不足。all day long the emperor watched and could not have enough.
漁陽鼙鼓動地來,Then the war drums of Yuyang came shaking the earth,
驚破霓裳羽衣曲。and shattered the Rainbow Skirt and Feathered Coat.

4四、馬嵬之變目錄 ↑

九重城闕煙塵生,Smoke and dust rose over the nine-walled city;
千乘萬騎西南行。a thousand chariots and ten thousand horsemen went to the southwest.
翠華搖搖行復止,The kingfisher banners swayed, moved on, and halted again,
西出都門百餘里。a hundred li and more west of the capital gate.
六軍不發無奈何,The six armies would not march, and nothing could be done,
宛轉蛾眉馬前死。and the moth-eyebrowed one, writhing, died before his horse.
花鈿委地無人收,Her flowered hairpins fell to the ground, and no one gathered them—
翠翹金雀玉搔頭。the kingfisher plume, the golden sparrow, the jade hairpin.
君王掩面救不得,The emperor covered his face; he could not save her.
回看血淚相和流。He looked back, and blood and tears ran down together.

5五、蜀道與還都目錄 ↑

黃埃散漫風蕭索,Yellow dust scattered wide, and the wind blew desolate;
雲棧縈紆登劍閣。the cloud-high plank roads wound up to Sword Gate Pass.
峨嵋山下少人行,Below Mount Emei few travelers passed;
旌旗無光日色薄。the banners had no brightness, and the sunlight was thin.
蜀江水碧蜀山青,The rivers of Shu are green and the hills of Shu are blue,
聖主朝朝暮暮情。and the sovereign grieved, morning after morning, evening after evening.
行宮見月傷心色,In the traveling palace he saw the moon, the color of heartbreak;
夜雨聞鈴腸斷聲。in the night rain he heard the bells, the sound that cuts the gut.
天旋地轉迴龍馭,Heaven turned, earth turned, and the dragon carriage came back;
到此躊躇不能去。and reaching that place, he hesitated and could not go on.
馬嵬坡下泥土中,There in the mud below the Mawei slope,
不見玉顏空死處。the jade face was not to be seen—only the empty place of her death.
君臣相顧盡霑衣,Ruler and ministers looked at one another and wet their robes;
東望都門信馬歸。they faced east toward the capital gate and let the horses carry them home.
歸來池苑皆依舊,They came back, and the pools and gardens were all as before—
太液芙蓉未央柳。the hibiscus of Taiye Lake, the willows of Weiyang Palace.

6六、歸來的空宮目錄 ↑

芙蓉如面柳如眉,The hibiscus was her face, the willow leaf her brow;
對此如何不淚垂。looking at them, how could he not let the tears fall?
春風桃李花開日,On days when the spring wind opened the peach and the plum,
秋雨梧桐葉落時。in the season when autumn rain brought down the paulownia leaves,
西宮南內多秋草,the Western Palace and the Southern Court filled with autumn grass,
落葉滿階紅不掃。and fallen leaves lay red on the steps, unswept.
梨園弟子白髮新,The players of the Pear Garden had new white hair;
椒房阿監青娥老。in the Pepper Chamber the young attendants had grown old.
夕殿螢飛思悄然,Fireflies crossed the evening hall, and his thoughts went quiet;
孤燈挑盡未成眠。he trimmed the lone lamp down to nothing and still did not sleep.
遲遲鐘鼓初長夜,Slowly, slowly, bell and drum began the long night;
耿耿星河欲曙天。bright and sharp lay the River of Stars, and the sky was near dawn.
鴛鴦瓦冷霜華重,The mandarin-duck tiles were cold, the frost-flowers heavy;
翡翠衾寒誰與共。the kingfisher quilt was cold—and with whom could he share it?
悠悠生死別經年,Far apart, the living and the dead; a year and more had passed,
魂魄不曾來入夢。and her spirit had never once come into his dreams.

7七、方士尋魂目錄 ↑

臨邛道士鴻都客,A Taoist of Linqiong, a sojourner in the capital,
能以精誠致魂魄。could summon spirits by the pure force of his mind.
為感君王輾轉思,Moved by the emperor turning sleepless on his bed,
遂教方士殷勤覓。they set the adept to search for her in earnest.
排空馭氣奔如電,He pushed through the air, rode the ether, ran like lightning,
升天入地求之遍。rose into heaven, entered the earth, and searched it everywhere.
上窮碧落下黃泉,Above he exhausted the Blue Void, below the Yellow Springs;
兩處茫茫皆不見。both were vast and empty, and she was in neither.
忽聞海上有仙山,Then he heard of a fairy mountain out at sea,
山在虛無縹緲間。a mountain standing in the void, faint and out of reach.
樓閣玲瓏五雲起,Delicate towers rose there in five-colored cloud,
其中綽約多仙子。and within them moved many graceful immortals.
中有一人字太真,Among them was one whose name was Taizhen—
雪膚花貌參差是。snow skin, blossom face; it might well be her.
金闕西廂叩玉扃,At the west wing of the golden gate he knocked on the jade door
轉教小玉報雙成。and had Xiaoyu send word in to Shuangcheng.
聞道漢家天子使,Hearing that an envoy had come from the Son of Heaven,
九華帳裡夢魂驚。she started out of her dream inside the nine-flowered curtains.
攬衣推枕起徘徊,She gathered her robe, pushed the pillow away, rose and paced;
珠箔銀屏迤邐開。pearl blinds and silver screens opened one after another.
雲鬢半偏新睡覺,Her cloud of hair hung to one side, newly woken from sleep;
花冠不整下堂來。her flowered cap was crooked as she came down the hall.
風吹仙袂飄飄舉,Wind lifted her immortal sleeves and set them floating,
猶似霓裳羽衣舞。as though she still danced the Rainbow Skirt and Feathered Coat.

8八、長生殿之誓目錄 ↑

玉容寂寞淚闌干,Her jade face was desolate, the tears streaking it across:
梨花一枝春帶雨。a branch of pear blossom in spring, carrying rain.
含情凝睇謝君王,Holding her feeling, gazing steadily, she gave thanks to her lord:
一別音容兩渺茫。since we parted, both voice and face have gone dim.
昭陽殿裡恩愛絕,In the Zhaoyang Palace the love was cut off;
蓬萊宮中日月長。here in the Penglai Palace the days and months are long.
回頭下望人寰處,She turned her head and looked down toward the world of men,
不見長安見塵霧。and could not see Chang'an—only dust and mist.
唯將舊物表深情,She could only send old keepsakes to show how deep the feeling ran:
鈿合金釵寄將去。an inlaid box and a golden hairpin, sent back with him.
釵留一股合一扇,She kept one prong of the pin and one half of the box,
釵擘黃金合分鈿。splitting the gold of the pin, dividing the inlay of the box.
但教心似金鈿堅,Only let our hearts be as firm as this gold and this inlay,
天上人間會相見。and in heaven or among men we shall meet again.
臨別殷勤重寄詞,At parting she pressed one more message on him,
詞中有誓兩心知。and in it was a vow that only two hearts knew:
七月七日長生殿,On the seventh day of the seventh month, in the Hall of Long Life,
夜半無人私語時。at midnight, when no one was near, and we spoke in private—
在天願作比翼鳥,in heaven, may we be birds that fly on a shared pair of wings;
在地願為連理枝。on earth, may we be two branches grown into one.
天長地久有時盡,Heaven is long and earth is lasting, but both will have their end;
此恨綿綿無絕期。this regret runs on and on, and will never be done.

逐句導讀

這首詩在做什麼

這首詩怎麼讀

一百二十句,是站上最長的作品。第一次讀不必逐句摳——先看八個小節的標題,知道故事走到哪裡就好。第二次再回頭讀字。

白居易寫這首詩時三十五歲,任盩厔縣尉。他和友人陳鴻、王質夫同遊仙遊寺,談起玄宗楊妃的事,王質夫說這種事若沒有大手筆寫下來就會消失,於是白居易寫詩、陳鴻寫〈長恨歌傳〉。這首詩從一開始就是「要讓它傳下去」而寫的。

一到四節:一部正史的速度

從求色、入宮、專寵,到漁陽鼙鼓、馬嵬賜死。這四節四十二句走完了二十年,而且幾乎句句有出處——華清池、霓裳羽衣曲、六軍不發,都是史書裡有的。

節奏極快。第三節只有六句:前四句還在聽音樂,後兩句戰鼓就來了。「盡日君王看不足」的下一句就是「漁陽鼙鼓動地來」——中間沒有任何過渡。

五到六節:時間慢下來

蜀道、還都、空宮。同樣的四十二行寫的是「什麼都沒發生」——看月亮、聽雨、燈芯挑盡、霜結在瓦上。

這兩節是全詩的技術核心:前面用快寫變故,這裡用慢寫思念。一個帝王的悲傷,白居易不寫他哭,寫他睡不著。

七到八節:換了一種文類

方士上天入地、海上仙山、太真出迎、長生殿之誓。這後面四十六句是虛構的。 歷史到馬嵬坡就結束了。

白居易在全詩正中間偷偷換了體裁:前半是史,後半是傳奇。而且他沒有加任何提示——「忽聞海上有仙山」就這樣接在前一句後面。

最後兩句是全詩唯一的議論:天地都有盡頭,這個恨沒有。前面一百一十八句都在鋪這兩句。

⚠️ 你可能讀反的地方

背得太熟的詩,最容易讀反——因為你從來沒有停下來看。以下放的不是詮釋,是詩裡明明寫了、但多數人沒注意到的字句。

「漢皇」不是漢朝皇帝

寫的是唐玄宗李隆基。唐人寫本朝的事,習慣托名漢代——一來避諱,二來把當代寫成歷史,才好放手寫。 全詩只在第七節「聞道漢家天子使」再出現一次「漢」,其餘都用「君王」「聖主」。

英譯大多直接譯成 the Han emperor 或 China's Emperor(Bynner 用後者),這層托古的用意就看不見了。

「養在深閨人未識」是刻意迴避

楊玉環入宮前已經是唐玄宗兒子壽王李瑁的王妃。玄宗先讓她出家為女道士(號太真),再納入宮中。這是唐代最有名的宮闈醜聞之一。

白居易知道,但他寫「楊家有女初長成,養在深閨人未識」——把她寫成一個從沒嫁過人的少女。 這不是史實錯誤,是選擇:他要寫的是一個愛情故事,不是一樁醜聞。第七節「中有一人字太真」倒是留了一個線索——太真就是她做女道士時的號。

「不重生男重生女」是諷刺

楊家因為楊妃而滿門顯貴,楊國忠做到宰相。於是天下父母寧可生女兒。這不是在讚美,是在說一個國家的價值觀被扭曲了。 上一句「可憐光彩生門戶」的「可憐」在這裡是「可嘆」,不是「可愛」。

「宛轉蛾眉馬前死」寫得很含糊

史實是:六軍譁變,殺了楊國忠,要求處死楊妃,玄宗命高力士在佛堂前將她縊死。白居易只寫「死」,不寫誰下的手、怎麼死的。

「宛轉」二字歷來有兩解:一是形容她掙扎輾轉的樣子,二是形容她婉轉哀求。不管哪一解,這五個字都刻意模糊了一件很血腥的事。下一句馬上轉去寫掉在地上的髮飾——鏡頭移開了。

後半是虛構,而且白居易沒說

「臨邛道士鴻都客」以下四十六句,史書上一個字都沒有。方士、仙山、太真、七夕之誓,全是文學。

注意他怎麼接的:前一節最後是「魂魄不曾來入夢」(寫實),下一句就是「臨邛道士鴻都客」(神話)。中間沒有「傳說」「據說」這類詞。讀者是被悄悄帶過去的。

「七月七日長生殿」在史實上站不住

陳寅恪考證:唐代七月七日玄宗通常在華清宮,而長生殿是祀神之所,不是寢殿。這個場景是白居易造的。

但它造得太好,後來成了整個東亞的共同記憶——洪昇的《長生殿》、日本的《源氏物語》都受它影響。

「此恨綿綿無絕期」的恨不是仇恨

「恨」在古漢語裡是遺憾、抱憾,不是 hate。題目「長恨歌」= 長久遺憾之歌。誰的恨? 一般讀作玄宗的,但也可以讀成兩個人的,甚至是白居易替所有「失去了就再也回不來」的人寫的。

🔍 英文譯不出來的地方

翻譯是最嚴格的閱讀。中文可以含糊帶過的地方,英文非得做決定——主語是誰、時態是什麼、那個字到底是哪個意思。以下是譯這首詩時被迫做的取捨,也是中文最值得停下來看的地方。

「漢皇」:一個字的托古

中文讀者看到「漢皇」,第一反應是「這在寫唐玄宗但假託漢代」。英文沒有這個機制——譯 the Han emperor 讀者以為真是漢朝,譯 China's Emperor(Bynner)又把托古整個抹掉。

這是全詩第一個字組,也是第一個譯不出來的東西。 而它決定了整首詩的距離感:白居易不是在寫新聞,他是在寫一個已經變成傳說的故事。

「梨花一枝春帶雨」:比喻沒有喻詞

上一句寫她流淚,這一句直接給你一枝帶雨的梨花——沒有「像」「彷彿」「如同」。 中文可以把本體和喻體並排,讓讀者自己接上。

英文一放 like 或 as,比喻就從「她就是那枝梨花」降級成「她像那枝梨花」。我的譯文用冒號和同位語硬撐,但那個「兩個畫面直接疊在一起」的效果仍然弱了一層。

比翼鳥與連理枝:兩個中文獨有的意象

比翼鳥是傳說中一目一翼、必須兩隻並飛才能飛的鳥;連理枝是兩棵樹的枝幹長在一起。兩個都是「單獨不成立、必須成雙」的形象。

英文 birds that fly on a shared pair of wings、two branches grown into one 是解釋,不是意象。英語讀者讀到的是一句奇怪的比喻;中文讀者讀到的是兩個已經用了一千年的詞。

長篇歌行的換韻,英文沒有對應

一百二十句不可能一韻到底。白居易換了十幾次韻,每換一次韻就是一次段落的轉折——這是長篇歌行的分段方式,比任何標點都清楚。

英文的無韻譯本完全沒有這個訊號。站上的分節標題,其實就是在替英文讀者補回換韻本來會給的那個提示。

關鍵字詞

這個字為什麼選這個英文

字詞這裡的意思英譯與選擇
漢皇漢代的皇帝(實指唐玄宗)the Han emperor。托古手法,英文譯不出。
傾國能使國家傾覆的美貌one who could topple a kingdom。典出李延年〈佳人歌〉。
粉黛塗粉畫眉,代指宮中女子the painted women。以妝代人。
凝脂凝結的油脂,形容皮膚細滑skin like pressed cream。
金步搖走路時會晃動的金首飾gold pendants swaying as she walked。
可憐可嘆(不是可愛)it is painful to say。此處帶諷刺。
鼙鼓軍中小鼓war drums。
霓裳羽衣曲玄宗所製的大型樂舞the Rainbow Skirt and Feathered Coat。
六軍皇帝的禁軍the six armies。
蛾眉細長的眉,代指美人the moth-eyebrowed one。以眉代人。
宛轉輾轉掙扎/婉轉哀求(兩解)writhing。刻意含糊。
劍閣蜀道上的險要關隘Sword Gate Pass。
龍馭皇帝的車駕the dragon carriage。
梨園弟子玄宗親自教習的宮廷樂人the players of the Pear Garden。中文「梨園」至今指戲曲界。
椒房皇后所居(以椒和泥塗壁)the Pepper Chamber。
碧落天界the Blue Void。道教用語。
黃泉地下、陰間the Yellow Springs。
太真楊玉環為女道士時的號Taizhen。這個字是白居易留下的線索。
比翼鳥傳說一目一翼、須成雙才能飛的鳥birds that fly on a shared pair of wings。意象不可譯。
連理枝兩樹枝幹連生two branches grown into one。
恨遺憾、抱憾regret。不是 hate。

格律

為什麼寫成這個樣子

七言歌行,一百二十句,八百四十字。《唐詩三百首》收在「七言古詩」卷。

換韻十餘次,每換一韻就是一個段落。本頁的八個小節即依語意與換韻而分,原詩並沒有小標題。

歌行體不要求對仗,但白居易大量使用對句(「蜀江水碧蜀山青」「春風桃李花開日,秋雨梧桐葉落時」),讓長篇讀起來不散。

同時期陳鴻寫了散文〈長恨歌傳〉與此詩並行,一詩一傳,是唐代「詩文相輔」的著名例子。

英語世界怎麼讀它

A Song of Unending Sorrow(節錄末六句)

這首詩在白居易生前就紅遍東亞。他自己在〈與元九書〉裡說,有人因為他會寫〈長恨歌〉而抬高他的身價。日本平安時代更把它當成必讀——《源氏物語》開卷寫桐壺更衣之死,直接化用了這首詩。

英語世界最通行的仍是 Bynner 一九二九年的全譯本。他把「漢皇」譯成 China's Emperor,把「霓裳羽衣曲」譯成 The Rainbow Skirt and the Feathered Coat,都是可行的選擇。

下欄只節錄最後六句——全詩一百二十句過長,這裡取白居易用來收束全篇的長生殿之誓與末聯。

"On the seventh day of the Seventh-month, in the Palace of Long Life,We told each other secretly in the quiet midnight worldThat we wished to fly in heaven, two birds with the wings of one,And to grow together on the earth, two branches of one tree."...Earth endures, heaven endures; some time both shall end,While this unending sorrow goes on and on for ever.— Witter Bynner 譯,The Jade Mountain(1929)· 拼音與拼字依原書,標點間距統一

活在現代中文裡

這首詩留下來的話

句子現在怎麼用英文可對應
回眸一笑百媚生形容女子一笑動人—
在天願作比翼鳥,在地願為連理枝婚禮與情詩的固定引用英文無對應;意思近似 two souls, one life
此恨綿綿無絕期遺憾永無止境—
天長地久成語:永遠for ever and ever
梨園至今指戲曲界(梨園子弟)the world of Chinese opera
三千寵愛在一身獨得寵愛—

🍎 給雙語課老師的教學提示

  • 適合程度:進階。一百二十句,建議拆成三堂課:一到四節、五到六節、七到八節。
  • 課堂設計:第一堂只讀小節標題和每節的第一句,把故事線拉出來。學生先知道故事,再回頭讀字,壓力小很多。
  • 史與詩的分界:讀到第七節開頭,問學生「這裡開始的事情,史書上有嗎?」讓他們自己找出白居易換體裁的那一行。這是全詩最好的一堂閱讀課。
  • 雙語分工:中師講「漢皇」的托古、楊妃入宮的史實、馬嵬之變;外師帶最後六句的 Bynner 譯本,讓學生比較「比翼鳥/連理枝」的中英差距。
  • 跨文化延伸:《源氏物語》桐壺卷化用此詩;洪昇《長生殿》、日本能劇《楊貴妃》都由此而來。可以讓學生查一查這首詩走了多遠。
  • 寫作延伸:用八個小標題重寫一個你熟悉的故事(電影、新聞、家族往事),每節四到六句,中英各一。重點是練「分節」。