Music · Unit 1 · Lesson 4 · 音樂單元一第四課

How Do You Tell a Musician “Louder” or “Faster”?怎麼告訴演奏的人「大聲一點」「快一點」？

Play one short melody with a loudness sign and a speed word, from pianissimo to fortissimo and from largo to presto, and watch the notes get brighter and thicker as the music gets louder.
同一段短旋律，配上一個力度記號和一個速度詞，從 pianissimo 到 fortissimo、從 largo 到 presto，看音符隨著越來越大聲而變亮、變粗。

Volume · 音量 30%

Sound stays off until you press the button, and it starts quiet. If you hear nothing on an iPhone, check the silent switch.按下按鈕之前不會發出聲音，而且一開始很小聲。如果在 iPhone 上聽不到，請檢查靜音開關。

Big idea · 一句話看懂

Notes tell a player what to play. Italian signs tell the player how loud and how fast. Dynamics say how loud, and tempo says how fast, and the two can be changed on their own.
音符告訴演奏的人要彈什麼；義大利文的記號告訴他要多大聲、多快。力度說多大聲，速度說多快，兩者可以各自改變。

Try It · 動手試試

Conduct the Same Melody 指揮同一段旋律

Below is a short melody, written for this page, drawn as bars. Choose a loudness, a speed, and a shape, and press play. The notes and the rhythm never change. Only the signs change. Brighter, thicker bars are louder. Try a crescendo (<) and a diminuendo (>) too.
下面是為這一頁寫的一段短旋律，畫成長條。選一個力度、一個速度、一個形狀，再按播放。音和節奏從來沒有變，變的只有記號。越亮越粗的長條越大聲。也試試漸強（<）和漸弱（>）。

Loudness · 力度

Speed · 速度

This page plays it at about BPM, seconds in all. That number is our choice, not a rule.本頁用的數字是我們自己選的，不是規定。

Shape · 形狀

Loudness ladder, soft to loud · 力度階梯（弱到強）

Speed ladder, slow to fast · 速度階梯（慢到快）

Shape over time · 隨時間的變化

Reading · 英文閱讀

Unit 4: How Do You Tell a Musician “Louder” or “Faster”?

Imagine you are a composer, and the musician who will play your piece is far away, or lives a hundred years after you. You can write the notes. But how loud should they be? How fast? Notes alone only tell the player which pitch and how long. To say the rest, composers add signs and words.

想像你是一位作曲家，要演奏你作品的人在很遠的地方，或是在你之後一百年才出生。你可以把音寫下來，可是要多大聲？多快？光靠音符，只能告訴演奏的人音高和長短。要說明其餘的事，作曲家就加上記號和字。

There are two questions. How loud is the music? That is called dynamics. How fast is it? That is called tempo. For loudness, composers use letters. The letter p stands for piano, which means “soft.” The letter f stands for forte, which means “loud.” The word mezzo means “half,” so mp is a medium soft and mf is a medium loud. Doubling a letter makes it stronger: pp is pianissimo, very soft, and ff is fortissimo, very loud.

有兩個問題。音樂有多大聲？這叫做「力度」（dynamics）。音樂有多快？這叫做「速度」（tempo）。說明大聲小聲，作曲家用字母：p 是 piano，意思是「弱」；f 是 forte，意思是「強」。mezzo 是「一半」，所以 mp 是中弱、mf 是中強。字母重疊就更強：pp 是 pianissimo，很弱；ff 是 fortissimo，很強。

These signs are always relative. A p never means a precise amount of loudness. It only says that this part should be quieter than the parts marked f. In fact, a tuba playing mezzo piano can be louder than a guitar playing forte. Each player decides what soft and loud are for the instrument and the room.

這些記號永遠是相對的。p 絕對不是指一個精確的音量，它只是說這一段應該比標 f 的段落安靜。事實上，大號吹 mezzo piano，可能比吉他彈 forte 還大聲。什麼叫弱、什麼叫強，要由演奏者依樂器和場地來決定。

Loudness can also change gradually. Crescendo means “growing,” and it is drawn as two lines that open to the right, like <. Diminuendo means “dwindling,” and it is drawn as two lines that close to the right, like >. These signs are sometimes called hairpins. In Chinese they are 漸強 and 漸弱.

大聲小聲也可以慢慢改變。crescendo 是「增長」，畫成向右打開的兩條線，像 <；diminuendo 是「逐漸減少」，畫成向右合起來的兩條線，像 >。這兩個記號有時被叫做「髮夾」。中文是「漸強」和「漸弱」。

For speed, the words are also Italian. From slow to fast, a few well-known ones are largo (“broad”), adagio (“at ease”), andante (“walking”), moderato (“moderate”), allegro (“lively”), and presto (“quick”). To change the speed, ritardando means slowing down, and accelerando means speeding up. Such words give a feeling and a rough speed. A metronome mark, which you met in the last lesson, gives the exact number.

速度的詞也是義大利文。由慢到快，幾個有名的是 largo（寬廣）、adagio（從容）、andante（走路的速度）、moderato（中等）、allegro（輕快）和 presto（很快）。要改變速度，ritardando 是漸慢、accelerando 是漸快。這些詞給的是一種感覺和大略的速度；你在上一課認識的節拍器標記，才給精確的數字。

Why Italian? The practice grew up in the 17th and 18th centuries, when most composers were Italian. Later, composers also wrote in French, German, and English. And why is a piano called a piano? It is short for pianoforte, “soft and loud.” Early in the 1700s, the keyboard instrument made by Cristofori could play both, depending on how hard the player pressed the key. The harpsichord and the organ could not do this.

為什麼是義大利文？這個做法是在十七、十八世紀發展起來的，當時大多數的作曲家是義大利人。後來作曲家也用法文、德文和英文。那鋼琴為什麼叫 piano？它是 pianoforte 的縮寫，意思是「弱與強」。十八世紀初，克里斯托弗里（Cristofori）做出的這種鍵盤樂器，可以依彈奏的人按鍵多用力，彈出弱和強。大鍵琴和管風琴就做不到。

Read aloud · 課文朗讀

Questions · 閱讀理解

What is the difference between dynamics and tempo?

Dynamics are about how loud the music is. Tempo is about how fast it is. They are separate, so a melody can be soft and fast, or loud and slow.

Why can't a sign such as f be given one fixed loudness number?

Dynamic signs are relative. They only say how one part compares with another. The same sign can mean a different volume in different pieces, on different instruments, and in different rooms.

A player sees mf, then a < sign, then f. What happens to the music?

The music starts moderately loud, then gets gradually louder, until it reaches loud. The notes and the speed stay the same.

Words & Phrases · 生字及片語

dynamics(n.)力度（音樂的強弱）The dynamics of this song go from very soft to very loud.這首歌的力度從很弱到很強。marking(n.)（樂譜上的）記號The score has a marking at the top that says allegro.樂譜上方有一個寫著 allegro 的記號。gradually(adv.)逐漸地The music gradually gets louder.音樂逐漸變大聲。crescendo(n.)漸強The drums play a long crescendo at the end.鼓在結尾奏出一段很長的漸強。diminuendo(n.)漸弱The last bars have a diminuendo to silence.最後幾個小節漸弱到安靜。relative(adj.)相對的Soft and loud are relative: they depend on what you compare with.弱和強是相對的：要看你拿什麼來比。volume(n.)音量Please turn down the volume a little.請把音量調小一點。lively(adj.)輕快的；有活力的Allegro is a lively speed.Allegro 是一種輕快的速度。

Quick Check · 小測驗

1. What does piano mean in music?

2. Which sign means “gradually louder”?

3. Which list goes from slowest to fastest?

4. What does mezzo forte mean?

5. Why are so many speed words Italian?

Try It in the Model · 在模型裡試試

Four things to try 四件值得試的事

Then combine them: a soft, fast melody, or a loud, slow one. Dynamics and tempo are separate dials.
然後把它們組合起來：又弱又快的旋律，或又強又慢的旋律。力度和速度是兩個各自獨立的旋鈕。

Piano: softPiano：弱

The bars are dim and thin · 長條又暗又細

Same melody, same speed. Only the sign is p. Watch how thin the bars are.
同樣的旋律、同樣的速度，只有記號是 p。看看長條多細。

Forte: loudForte：強

The bars are bright and thick · 長條又亮又粗

Now the sign is f. The notes are the same, and everything else is the same too.
現在記號是 f。音一樣，其他的也都一樣。

Crescendo: growingCrescendo：漸強

Each note a little louder · 每個音大一點

The bars grow brighter and thicker from the first note to the last.
長條從第一個音到最後一個音，越來越亮、越來越粗。

Adagio, then allegro先 adagio，再 allegro

Same loudness, two speeds · 音量一樣，兩種速度

The melody plays twice. Listen for how long it takes each time.
旋律播兩次。聽聽每一次花多久。

Game · 小遊戲

What Is the Sign? 這是哪一個記號？

Six questions. First you hear one reference note at a medium loudness, and then the melody. Is the melody softer, louder, getting louder, or getting softer? Choose the matching word.
六道題。你會先聽到一個中等音量的參考音，再聽旋律。旋律是比較小聲、比較大聲、越來越大聲，還是越來越小聲？選出對得上的詞。

Question 1 of 6 · 第 1 題（共 6 題）

Right on the first try · 第一次就答對 0 / 0

Game · 小遊戲

Which One Is Allegro? 哪一個是 allegro？

Five questions. The same four notes are played twice, at two different speeds. The question names one of the two speed words. Pick the version that has that speed. The speed ladder shows the order from slow to fast.
五道題。同樣四個音用兩種速度各播一次。題目會說出其中一個速度詞，選出符合那個速度的版本。速度階梯顯示由慢到快的順序。

Question 1 of 5 · 第 1 題（共 5 題）

Right on the first try · 第一次就答對 0 / 0

Stories Behind the Signs · 記號背後的故事

A name, a language, a tuba, and two words that swapped 一個名字、一種語言、一支大號，和兩個對調的詞

Four short stories about the words musicians use for loud, soft, and fast.
關於音樂家用來說大聲、小聲、快的那些詞的四個小故事。

A Name · 一個名字

The piano is “soft and loud”鋼琴就是「弱與強」

The piano takes its name from the Italian words for soft and loud. An inventory kept by the Medici family of Florence shows that Bartolomeo Cristofori had a piano by 1700. Cristofori called it a keyboard “of piano and forte.” Unlike the harpsichord, it changed its volume with the touch of the player, and the harder you press the key, the louder the sound.
鋼琴（piano）的名字來自義大利文的「弱」和「強」。佛羅倫斯的梅迪奇家族的財物清冊顯示，克里斯托弗里（Bartolomeo Cristofori）在 1700 年已經有一架鋼琴。他把它叫做「有弱有強的」鍵盤樂器。它和大鍵琴不一樣，音量會隨彈奏的人的觸鍵而變，鍵按得越用力，聲音就越大。

A Language · 一種語言

Why Italian?為什麼是義大利文？

Italian is typically used because it was the language of most composers when these words became common. The practice developed in the 17th and 18th centuries. Later, composers wrote speed words in their own languages too. Beethoven was one of the first German composers to do so, but only a little. Later still, Schumann and Mahler wrote more and more of their instructions in German.
會用義大利文，是因為這些詞開始普遍的時候，大多數作曲家說的就是義大利文。這個做法在十七、十八世紀發展起來。後來作曲家也用自己的語言寫速度詞。貝多芬是最早用德文的德國作曲家之一，但用得很少。後來舒曼和馬勒，更是把越來越多的指示寫成德文。

A Tuba · 一支大號

Soft and loud depend on the instrument弱和強要看樂器

Dynamic markings are always relative. Because of that, a tuba playing mezzo piano will likely be louder than a guitar playing forte. A high instrument such as the piccolo can sound loud even when it is not very strong. This is why a conductor listens to the whole group before deciding what “soft” means.
力度記號永遠是相對的。所以大號吹 mezzo piano，很可能比吉他彈 forte 還大聲。像短笛這種高音樂器，就算不是真的很用力，也可能聽起來很響。這就是為什麼指揮要先聽整個團，才決定「弱」是什麼意思。

Two Words · 兩個詞

When largo and adagio swappedlargo 和 adagio 對調的時候

Words for speed can change their meaning. A modern largo is slower than an adagio. In the Baroque period it was the other way around, and largo was the faster one. Allegretto changed too. This is one more reason why a metronome number is the only exact answer, and why the speed words give only a feeling.
速度的詞，意思也會改變。現代的 largo 比 adagio 慢，但在巴洛克時期剛好相反，largo 比較快。allegretto 的意思也變過。這就是為什麼只有節拍器的數字才是精確的答案，而速度詞只給一種感覺。

In the Curriculum · 對應課綱

Where this lesson fits 這一課對應的課綱

The elementary arts curriculum names dynamics and speed directly. It does not list crescendo or diminuendo by name. Those two come from the music itself.
國小藝術領域的課綱直接寫到力度和速度，但沒有點名「漸強」「漸弱」；那兩個詞是從音樂本身來的。

音 E-Ⅱ-4藝術領域・音樂（國小三、四年級） · Arts, music (grades 3–4)
音樂元素，如：節奏、力度、速度等。
Dynamics and speed are both named as elements of music.力度和速度都被列為音樂元素。
音 A-Ⅱ-2藝術領域・音樂（國小三、四年級） · Arts, music (grades 3–4)
相關音樂語彙，如節奏、力度、速度等描述音樂元素之音樂術語，或相關之一般性用語。
Italian terms such as piano, forte, and allegro are exactly this kind of musical vocabulary.piano、forte、allegro 這些義大利文，正是這一種音樂語彙。
音 E-Ⅲ-4藝術領域・音樂（國小五、六年級） · Arts, music (grades 5–6)
音樂符號與讀譜方式，如：音樂術語、唱名法等。記譜法，如：圖形譜、簡譜、五線譜等。
Music terms are listed together with music symbols and reading music.音樂術語和音樂符號、讀譜方式一起被列出來。
INe-Ⅱ-5 說明 5-1自然科學領域・學習內容說明 · Science, notes on the content
可藉由手的觸摸、觀察鼓面豆子的跳動、弦的振動等活動，察覺物體振動會產生聲音，而振動的強弱會影響音量的大小。
A stronger vibration gives a louder sound. This is the physics under the word “forte.”振動越強，聲音越大。這就是「forte」這個詞底下的物理。

Myth vs. Fact · 常見迷思

Four things people get wrong 四個常見的誤會

✗ Myth · 迷思Forte means a fixed number of decibels.Forte 就是固定幾分貝。

✓ Fact · 事實Dynamic markings are always relative. A forte never means a precise level of loudness. It only says to play louder than the soft parts of the same piece.力度記號永遠是相對的。forte 不是精確的音量，只是說要比同一首曲子裡弱的部分大聲。

✗ Myth · 迷思Playing louder also means playing faster.越大聲，就是越快。

✓ Fact · 事實Loudness and speed are separate. Dynamics change how loud, and tempo changes how fast. A melody can be quiet and quick, or loud and slow. Special words, ritardando and accelerando, change the speed.音量和速度是分開的。力度改變多大聲，速度改變多快。旋律可以又小聲又快，也可以又大聲又慢。改變速度要用另外的詞：ritardando 和 accelerando。

✗ Myth · 迷思Allegro means an exact number of beats per minute.Allegro 就是精確的每分鐘幾拍。

✓ Fact · 事實The numbers for the speed words are only very rough approximations, and different books give different ranges. A metronome mark is the only way to write an exact number.速度詞的數字只是非常粗略的近似，不同的書給的範圍也不同。只有節拍器標記，才能寫出精確的數字。

✗ Myth · 迷思A louder note is just the same note with the volume knob turned up.大聲的音，只是把同一個音的音量鈕轉大。

✓ Fact · 事實On an acoustic instrument the player changes the sound. On a piano, the harder you press a key, the harder the hammer hits the string and the louder the sound. The note’s character changes a little, too.在傳統樂器上，是演奏的人改變聲音。鋼琴上，鍵按得越用力，槌子打弦越用力，聲音就越大；音的性格也會稍微改變。

Remember It · 記憶口訣

Loud, soft, and fast in a sentence 一句話記住力度與速度

p is soft, f is loud, m is halfp 弱、f 強、m 一半

mp is medium soft, and mf is medium loud.
mp 是中弱，mf 是中強。

< grows, > shrinks< 增大、> 減小

Crescendo opens to the right, and diminuendo closes.
漸強向右打開，漸弱向右合起來。

Dynamics: how loud. Tempo: how fast.力度：多大聲。速度：多快。

They are two separate dials.
它們是兩個各自獨立的旋鈕。

Words give a feeling; the metronome gives a number詞給感覺，節拍器給數字

Allegro is lively. M.M. = 120 is exact.
Allegro 是輕快；M.M. = 120 才是精確。

Protect Your Ears · 保護耳朵

Before you listen 聽之前

Start with the volume low and turn it up a little at a time. The sound bar on this page starts at 30%.先把音量調小，再一點一點調大。本頁的聲音列一開始是 30%。
The loudest sign here, fortissimo, is never louder than the loudest sound on the other pages. But if you turn the volume up to hear a soft sign, then a loud sign will be much louder. Move to a quieter room instead of turning the volume up.這裡最強的記號 fortissimo，也不會比其他頁面最大的聲音更大。但如果你為了聽清楚弱的記號而把音量調大，強的記號就會大聲很多。請改到比較安靜的地方，不要一直調大音量。
With headphones, keep the volume at no more than 60% of maximum, and use personal audio devices for less than one hour a day, as the World Health Organization suggests.戴耳機時，音量不要超過最大音量的 60%，個人音響裝置每天使用少於一小時，這是世界衛生組織的建議。
In the classroom, a crescendo with voices or clapping should stay in a comfortable range. Never clap or shout close to anyone's ears.在課堂上，用聲音或拍手做漸強時，要維持在舒服的範圍。千萬不要在別人耳朵旁邊拍手或大叫。

Classroom Activity 1 · 課堂活動一

Human Crescendo 人體漸強

You need · 準備材料

The whole class, in a circle or in rows全班，圍成圓圈或排成幾列
One student as the conductor一位當指揮的同學
Cards with p, mf, f, <, and > written on them寫了 p、mf、f、<、> 的卡片

Steps · 步驟

Everyone claps lightly together on a steady beat. The conductor shows the card p, then mf, then f. The class matches it.大家跟著穩定的拍子輕輕一起拍手。指揮依序出示 p、mf、f 的卡片，全班跟著調整。
Now the conductor shows < and slowly raises the hands. The class gets louder, little by little, and stops before it is too loud.接著指揮出示 <，慢慢舉高雙手。全班一點一點變大聲，在太大聲之前停下來。
Try > the same way, and then try a crescendo that ends in silence.用同樣的方式試試 >，再試一個結束在安靜裡的漸強。
Next, keep the loudness and change only the speed: slower, then faster. Which dial did you turn?再來，保持音量、只改變速度：先慢、再快。你轉的是哪一個旋鈕？

Clap with soft hands, not hard hands. The loudest sound should still be comfortable, and the conductor decides when to stop.
用軟軟的手拍，不要用力拍。最大聲也要覺得舒服，由指揮決定什麼時候停。

Classroom Activity 2 · 課堂活動二

Say It With Signs 用記號說一句話

You need · 準備材料

A short sentence, for example: “I did not say that.”一句短句，例如：「我沒有那樣說。」
Paper and pencil紙和筆

Steps · 步驟

Say the sentence softly, as if it is a secret. Say it loudly, as if you are far away. Write p or f above it.用很小聲、像祕密一樣說這句話。再用很大聲、像在很遠的地方一樣說。在句子上面寫 p 或 f。
Say it so that it gets louder word by word, and draw a < under it. Then say it getting softer, and draw a >.說的時候一個字比一個字大聲，在底下畫 <。再說成越來越小聲，畫 >。
Say it slowly and then fast. Which words did you pick for speed, adagio or allegro?慢慢說、再快快說。你為速度選了哪個詞，adagio 還是 allegro？
Swap sentences with a partner. Read the signs and perform it exactly as written.和同伴交換句子。照著記號，把它一模一樣地唸出來。

You just did what a composer does: you wrote down how to say something, and someone else can perform it. Use a comfortable speaking volume and keep your voice from straining.
你剛剛做的就是作曲家做的事：把「怎麼說」寫下來，讓別人也能照著表演。用舒服的說話音量，不要喊到喉嚨用力。

Go Further · 延伸閱讀

Before, around, and after this lesson 這一課的前面、旁邊和後面

Music · Lesson 3 · 音樂・第三課What Is a Beat?拍子是什麼？Tempo is how fast the beats go. The metronome number is the exact way to say it.速度就是拍走多快。節拍器的數字是精確的說法。Go to the lesson · 前往這一課 →Music · Lesson 1 · 音樂・第一課Why Are Some Notes High and Some Low?為什麼有的音高、有的音低？Loudness and pitch are two different things. A note can be high and soft, or low and loud.音量和音高是兩回事。一個音可以又高又弱，也可以又低又強。Go to the lesson · 前往這一課 →How Things Work · Lesson 11 · 萬物原理・第十一課How Does Sound Reach Your Ears?聲音怎麼傳到耳朵？A bigger vibration makes a louder sound. That lesson follows the sound to your ear.振動越大，聲音越大。那一課一路講到你的耳朵。Go to the lesson · 前往這一課 →Music · Lesson 5 · 音樂・第五課How Do You Read Music?五線譜怎麼看？The next unit puts the notes themselves on paper: the staff, and what each position means.下一個單元要把音本身寫在紙上：五線譜，以及每個位置的意思。Go to the lesson · 前往這一課 →

Sources · 資料出處

Names, dates, numbers, and quotations on this page were checked against these sources (October 2026). The melody is original, written for this page. The gains and the playback speeds are our own choices, and the page says so. · 本頁的人名、年代、數字與引文依下列資料查證（2026 年 10 月）；旋律是為這一頁自己寫的；增益與播放速度是我們自己的選擇，頁面上也這樣寫。

Dynamic markings: piano, forte, mezzo, pianissimo, fortissimo, crescendo, diminuendo; always relative; never a precise level; the tuba and guitar example; hairpins力度記號：piano、forte、mezzo、pianissimo、fortissimo、crescendo、diminuendo；永遠是相對的；不是精確的音量；大號與吉他的例子；髮夾記號Wikipedia, “Dynamics (music)” ↗
Tempo words and their order from slow to fast; Italian was the language of most composers; developed in the 17th and 18th centuries; French, German, and English markings; the BPM values are very rough approximations; Largo and Adagio swapped since the Baroque速度詞及由慢到快的順序；義大利文是多數作曲家的語言；十七、十八世紀發展；法文、德文、英文的標記；BPM 數值非常粗略；largo 與 adagio 自巴洛克以來對調Wikipedia, “Tempo” ↗
Literal meanings of the Italian terms (piano “gentle,” forte “strong,” crescendo “growing,” diminuendo “dwindling,” largo “broad,” andante “walking”)義大利文術語的字面意思（piano「溫和」、forte「強」、crescendo「增長」、diminuendo「逐漸減少」、largo「寬廣」、andante「走路」）Wikipedia, “List of Italian musical terms used in English” ↗
The piano: from pianoforte, “harpsichord with soft and loud”; invented in 1700; the Medici inventory; Cristofori's name for it; volume changes with the touch鋼琴：來自 pianoforte，「有弱有強的大鍵琴」；1700 年發明；梅迪奇家族的清冊；克里斯托弗里自己的叫法；音量隨觸鍵改變Wikipedia, “Piano” ↗
Loudness is related to how energetically the source vibrates; the greater the pressure amplitude, the louder響度和聲源振動得多用力有關；壓力振幅越大，聲音越大OpenStax, University Physics Vol. 1, 17.3 Sound Intensity ↗
Chinese names: dynamic 力度, piano 弱, forte 強, mezzo piano 中弱, mezzo forte 中強, pianissimo 很弱, fortissimo 很強, crescendo 漸強, diminuendo 漸弱, largo 廣板, adagio 慢板, andante 行板, allegro 快板, presto 急板中文名稱：dynamic 力度、piano 弱、forte 強、mezzo piano 中弱、mezzo forte 中強、pianissimo 很弱、fortissimo 很強、crescendo 漸強、diminuendo 漸弱、largo 廣板、adagio 慢板、andante 行板、allegro 快板、presto 急板國家教育研究院「學術名詞資訊網」（音樂名詞） ↗
Crescendo: the volume gradually grows, written with the < sign or cresc.crescendo：音量逐漸加強，用 < 記號或簡寫成 cresc. 表示國家教育研究院樂詞網《音樂名詞釋義》「crescendo」 ↗
Piano: a strength term meaning soft; forte: dynamics of “strong,” written fpiano：強度的表情術語，稱為弱；forte：力度為「強」的術語，樂譜上以 f 表示國家教育研究院樂詞網《音樂名詞釋義》「piano」「forte」 ↗
慢板 (adagio): a speed term between andante and largo慢板：音樂速度用語，一般指介於行板與廣板之間教育部《重編國語辭典修訂本》「慢板」 ↗
Taiwan's 12-year curriculum: arts (music) 音 E-Ⅱ-4, 音 A-Ⅱ-2, 音 E-Ⅲ-4十二年國民基本教育課程綱要藝術領域：音 E-Ⅱ-4、音 A-Ⅱ-2、音 E-Ⅲ-4國家教育研究院，十二年國教藝術領域課綱 ↗
Taiwan's 12-year curriculum: science INe-Ⅱ-5 and note 5-1 (the strength of the vibration affects the volume)十二年國民基本教育課程綱要自然科學領域：INe-Ⅱ-5 與說明 5-1（振動的強弱會影響音量的大小）國家教育研究院，十二年國教自然科學領域課綱 ↗
Safe listening: headphone volume to 60% of maximum, personal audio devices less than one hour a day安全聆聽：耳機音量不超過最大的 60%、個人音響裝置每天少於一小時WHO, Make Listening Safe brochure (2021) ↗