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鄭伯克段于鄢

《春秋》只寫了六個字,《左傳》用五百字告訴你這六個字每一個都在罵人。這是《古文觀止》的第一篇。

作者《左傳》 The Tso Commentary(相傳左丘明撰,成書於戰國初)
年代魯隱公元年(前 722 年)
出處《左傳·隱公元年》;《古文觀止》卷一(全書第一篇)
文體史傳敘事(釋經)
篇幅《左傳》隱公元年該章全文(篇題為《古文觀止》所加)

全文 · 中英對照

鄭伯克段于鄢 The Earl of Cheng Overcame Tuan at Yen

點任一行的 🔊 可以聽英譯的發音。本頁主譯文為本站自譯。正文採《左傳》讀法、現行標準字形,起訖依《古文觀止》。 右欄翟理斯只譯了全篇最後三分之一,詳見對照欄。

1第一段 · 一次難產目錄 ↑

全篇的起因只有八個字:莊公寤生,驚姜氏。 一個母親因為生產的過程而厭惡自己的兒子。

初,鄭武公娶于申,曰武姜。生莊公及共叔段。In the beginning, Duke Wu of Cheng married a woman of Shen, called Wu Chiang. She bore Duke Chuang and Kung-shu Tuan.
莊公寤生,驚姜氏,故名曰寤生,遂惡之。Duke Chuang was born feet first and startled Chiang, so she named him Wu-sheng — Born Awry — and came to hate him.
愛共叔段,欲立之,亟請於武公,公弗許。She loved Kung-shu Tuan and wished to set him up as heir; she asked Duke Wu again and again, but he would not allow it.

2第二段 · 給他一座太大的城目錄 ↑

祭仲看出問題,莊公只回了一句「多行不義必自斃」。注意他沒有說「我會處理」,他說的是「等著看」。

及莊公即位,為之請制。When Duke Chuang came to the throne, she asked for Chih as a fief for Tuan.
公曰:「制,巖邑也,虢叔死焉,他邑唯命。」The Duke said: Chih is a fortress town; the Younger of Kuo died there. Any other town, and I obey.
請京,使居之,謂之京城大叔。She asked for Ching. He was settled there, and was called the Great Elder of Ching.
祭仲曰:「都城過百雉,國之害也。Chai Chung said: When a town's wall exceeds a hundred chih, it is a danger to the state.
先王之制,大都不過參國之一,中五之一,小九之一。By the rule of the former kings, a great town was not more than a third of the capital, a middling one a fifth, a small one a ninth.
今京不度,非制也,君將不堪。」Ching is now beyond measure. It is not according to rule. My lord will not be able to bear it.
公曰:「姜氏欲之,焉辟害?」The Duke said: Lady Chiang wanted it. How am I to avoid the harm?
對曰:「姜氏何厭之有?不如早為之所,無使滋蔓,蔓難圖也。He replied: What satisfying is there for Lady Chiang? Better to settle the matter early and not let it spread. Once it spreads, it is hard to deal with.
蔓草猶不可除,況君之寵弟乎!」Creeping weeds cannot be rooted out — how much less my lord's favored brother!
公曰:「多行不義必自斃,子姑待之。」The Duke said: He who does much that is unrighteous will bring himself down. You need only wait.

3第三段 · 又一次不動手目錄 ↑

段把邊邑收成自己的,公子呂請求出手,莊公第二次說不。「無庸,將自及」——不必,他自己會走到那一步。

既而大叔命西鄙北鄙貳於己。Before long the Great Elder ordered the western and northern border towns to serve him as well as the Duke.
公子呂曰:「國不堪貳,君將若之何?Kung-tzu Lü said: A state cannot bear a divided allegiance. What will my lord do?
欲與大叔,臣請事之;若弗與,則請除之,無生民心。」If you mean to give it to the Great Elder, let me serve him. If not, then let me remove him, and not let the people's hearts be stirred.
公曰:「無庸,將自及。」The Duke said: No need. It will reach him of itself.
大叔又收貳以為己邑,至于廩延。The Great Elder then took those divided towns as his own, as far as Lin-yen.
子封曰:「可矣,厚將得眾。」Tzu-feng said: Now is the time. Grown thick, he will gain a following.
公曰:「不義不暱,厚將崩。」The Duke said: Being unrighteous, he draws no one close. Grown thick, he will collapse.

4第四段 · 二十二個字結束一切目錄 ↑

前面鋪了三段,動手只用了四行。「公聞其期」四個字最冷——他一直知道。

大叔完聚,繕甲兵,具卒乘,將襲鄭。夫人將啟之。The Great Elder repaired his walls and gathered stores, mended armor and weapons, made ready foot and chariot, and was about to fall upon Cheng. The Duke's mother was to open the gates for him.
公聞其期,曰:「可矣。」The Duke heard the date, and said: Now.
命子封帥車二百乘以伐京。京叛大叔段。段入于鄢。公伐諸鄢。He ordered Tzu-feng to lead two hundred chariots against Ching. Ching revolted from Tuan. Tuan entered Yen. The Duke attacked him at Yen.
五月辛丑,大叔出奔共。On the day hsin-ch'ou of the fifth month, the Great Elder fled to Kung.

5第五段 · 為什麼《春秋》這樣寫目錄 ↑

全篇的鑰匙。 六個字逐字拆解:為什麼不寫「弟」、為什麼用「克」、為什麼稱「鄭伯」、為什麼不寫「出奔」。這是中國最早的文本細讀。

書曰:「鄭伯克段于鄢。」The record says: The Earl of Cheng overcame Tuan at Yen.
段不弟,故不言弟;Tuan did not behave as a younger brother, and so he is not called brother.
如二君,故曰克;They were as two rulers, and so the word is overcame.
稱鄭伯,譏失教也;He is called the Earl of Cheng, in reproach for failing to teach his brother.
謂之鄭志。This, it says, was what Cheng intended.
不言出奔,難之也。It does not say that Tuan fled, because that would have been hard to write.

6第六段 · 掘地見母目錄 ↑

一句賭氣的誓言,被一個管邊界的小官拆開了。關鍵不在勸他違誓,而在重新定義「黃泉」兩個字。

遂寘姜氏於城潁,而誓之曰:「不及黃泉,無相見也。」既而悔之。He then placed Lady Chiang at Ch'eng-ying, and swore to her: Not until the Yellow Springs shall we meet again. Soon after, he repented of it.
潁考叔為潁谷封人,聞之,有獻於公。公賜之食。食舍肉。Ying K'ao-shu, warden of the marches at Ying Valley, heard of it, and brought the Duke an offering. The Duke gave him food. He ate, but set the meat aside.
公問之,對曰:「小人有母,皆嘗小人之食矣,未嘗君之羹,請以遺之。」The Duke asked why. He answered: Your servant has a mother. She has tasted everything your servant eats, but never my lord's broth. Let me take her some.
公曰:「爾有母遺,繄我獨無。」The Duke said: You have a mother to give to. I alone have none.
潁考叔曰:「敢問何謂也?」公語之故,且告之悔。Ying K'ao-shu said: May I ask what you mean? The Duke told him the story, and told him too of his regret.
對曰:「君何患焉?若闕地及泉,隧而相見,其誰曰不然?」He replied: Why should this trouble my lord? Dig down until you reach the springs, tunnel through, and meet her there. Who then shall say it was not so?
公從之。The Duke did as he said.
公入而賦:「大隧之中,其樂也融融。」The Duke went in, and sang: Within the great tunnel — the joy of it, how warm.
姜出而賦:「大隧之外,其樂也洩洩。」Lady Chiang came out, and sang: Outside the great tunnel — the joy of it, how free.
遂為母子如初。And they became mother and son as before.

7第七段 · 君子曰目錄 ↑

《左傳》的評語體例。它稱讚的不是莊公,是那個管邊界的小官。

君子曰:「潁考叔,純孝也,愛其母,施及莊公。The superior man says: Ying K'ao-shu was wholly filial. He loved his mother, and it reached as far as Duke Chuang.
《詩》曰:『孝子不匱,永錫爾類。』其是之謂乎!」The Odes say: The filial son does not run dry; he gives forever to his kind. This is surely what is meant.

English Vocabulary

英譯裡值得帶走的字 12 words

這一欄的字全部取自上面的英譯,不是古文字義。 每個字都附它在本篇出現的那一句——單字和例句各有一個 🔊,點了都唸英文。

feet first(phr.)腳先出來(逆產)

Duke Chuang was born feet first and startled Chiang.

莊公寤生,驚姜氏。

fortress(n.)要塞、險固的城

Chih is a fortress town; the Younger of Kuo died there.

制,巖邑也,虢叔死焉。

exceed(v.)超過

When a town's wall exceeds a hundred chih, it is a danger to the state.

都城過百雉,國之害也。

root out(phr. v.)連根拔除

Creeping weeds cannot be rooted out — how much less my lord's favored brother!

蔓草猶不可除,況君之寵弟乎。

unrighteous(adj.)不義的

He who does much that is unrighteous will bring himself down.

多行不義必自斃。

allegiance(n.)效忠、歸屬

A state cannot bear a divided allegiance.

國不堪貳。

reproach(n.)責備

He is called the Earl of Cheng, in reproach for failing to teach his brother.

稱鄭伯,譏失教也。

warden(n.)守邊的官

Ying K'ao-shu, warden of the marches at Ying Valley, heard of it.

潁考叔為潁谷封人,聞之。

marches(n.)邊境(此處非「行進」)

Ying K'ao-shu, warden of the marches at Ying Valley.

潁考叔為潁谷封人。

set aside(phr. v.)把(東西)挪到一旁

He ate, but set the meat aside.

食舍肉。

tunnel(v.)挖隧道穿過

Dig down until you reach the springs, tunnel through, and meet her there.

若闕地及泉,隧而相見。

filial(adj.)孝順的

Ying K'ao-shu was wholly filial. He loved his mother.

潁考叔,純孝也,愛其母。

Reading Check

讀懂了嗎 6 questions

全部根據上面的英譯出題,不考古文字義。 點一下選項就揭曉答案,不必送出,也不會記錄任何資料。

1. Why did Lady Chiang come to hate Duke Chuang?

2. What did Chai Chung warn about the town of Ching?

3. What was the Duke's answer each time he was urged to act?

4. According to the record's own explanation, why is the word “overcame” used?

5. Why is he called “the Earl of Cheng” rather than by his own title?

6. How was the oath about the Yellow Springs kept without being broken?

逐段導讀

這篇文章在做什麼

《春秋》六個字,《左傳》五百字

《春秋》這一年的記載只有一句:「鄭伯克段于鄢。」

《左傳》整篇要做的就是解釋這六個字——而且它把解釋放在第五段,放在故事講完之後。

這是中國最早的文本細讀示範:不寫「弟」、用「克」不用「伐」、稱「鄭伯」不稱「莊公」、不寫「出奔」。四個字面上的選擇,四層責備。

而最重的一句是「謂之鄭志」——四個字說:這是鄭伯要的結果。前面三段莊公的按兵不動,到這裡被定了性。

莊公三次不動手

「多行不義必自斃,子姑待之。」(祭仲請他處理)

「無庸,將自及。」(公子呂請他處理)

「不義不暱,厚將崩。」(子封請他處理)

三次都是同一個意思:等他自己壞掉。 三句話一次比一次短,語氣一次比一次篤定。

這究竟是隱忍還是設局? 《左傳》不直接說,它只寫了兩件事:一是「公聞其期」(他連日期都知道),二是「謂之鄭志」。兩處合起來,答案已經很清楚了。

黃泉是雙關,整個結局靠它成立

「不及黃泉,無相見也」——「黃泉」字面上就是地下的泉水,引申才是陰間。

潁考叔的辦法不是勸他違誓,而是取字面義:挖地挖到出水,那就是黃泉了。「其誰曰不然」五個字——誰能說這不算?

這一招的巧妙在於它不要求任何人認錯。 莊公不必收回誓言,姜氏不必道歉,兩個人在隧道裡見面,誓言原封不動。

右欄翟理斯譯成 dig down to the Underworld,雙關就整個塌掉了——英文的 Underworld 不會有水。

「何厭之有」——跟燭之武同一部書、同一個句式

祭仲說「姜氏何厭之有」,一百多年後燭之武對秦伯說「夫晉,何厭之有」。

同樣的賓語前置,同樣用在同一件事上:警告一個人,對方的胃口沒有底。(本站〈燭之武退秦師〉可對讀。)

本系列已出現的賓語前置:何陋之有、句讀之不知、吾誰與歸、不患人之不己知、何厭之有——現在有兩個「何厭之有」了。

《左傳》寫戰爭只用二十二個字

第四段真正打起來只有:命子封帥車二百乘以伐京。京叛大叔段。段入于鄢。公伐諸鄢。

四個短句,四個地名,沒有一個形容詞。 前面鋪陳了三段的對話,收束時反而最省。

「京叛大叔段」五個字尤其厲害——段自己的封地反了他。莊公一兵未損。

⚠️ 你可能讀反的地方

課本選過的文章最容易讀反——因為你背的是課本的解釋,不是文章本身。以下放的是原文明明寫了、但多數人沒注意到的字句。

「寤生」是難產不是睡著生

「寤生」=腳先出來的逆產(一說是醒著生,即產婦未昏睡)。不是「睡醒了生」。

全篇的起因是一次生產的意外。 母親把難產的驚嚇算在嬰兒頭上,一算算了幾十年。

「都城」不是首都

「都城過百雉」的「都城」=都邑的城牆,「國」=國都。

「大都不過參國之一」=大城的城牆不超過國都的三分之一。不是「大都市不超過國家的三分之一」。

「鄙」是邊邑

「命西鄙北鄙貳於己」的「鄙」=邊境的城邑。不是「鄙視」,也不是「鄙人」的謙稱。

同〈師說〉的「先帝不以臣卑鄙」的「鄙」是「見識淺」,又是另一個義項。

「貳」是兩屬

「貳於己」=同時也歸屬於自己,即一地兩主。不是「背叛」,也不是數字二。

同〈燭之武退秦師〉的「且貳於楚也」——同一部書的同一個用法。

「焉辟害」的「辟」通「避」

「焉辟害」=哪裡躲得掉禍害。 「辟」是「避」的古字。

「不義不暱」的「暱」是親近

「不義不暱,厚將崩」=不合道義就沒有人親近他,勢力越大垮得越快。

不是「不親暱」的抱怨。 一說「暱」通「昵」,亦有作「不義不昵」者。

「繄」是語助詞

「繄我獨無」的「繄」=句首語氣詞,無實義(略近「唯」)。整句=偏偏我沒有。

「隧」在這裡是動詞

「隧而相見」=挖成隧道相見。 名詞作動詞。

本系列的名詞作動詞:函(用匣子裝)、師(以之為師)、隧(挖隧道)——可以整組一起教。

「施及莊公」的「施」讀 ㄧˋ

「施」在此=延續、推及(音義同「迤」)。不是「施捨」,也不是「實施」。

🔍 英文譯不出來的地方

翻譯是最嚴格的閱讀。中文可以含糊帶過的地方,英文非得做決定。以下是譯這篇文章時被迫做的取捨,也是中文最值得停下來看的地方。

「克」這個字本身就是判決

第五段整段在解釋用字,而中文讀者看得到那個字:克、弟、鄭伯、出奔。

英文譯成 overcame、brother、the Earl of Cheng、fled 之後,讀者看到的是解釋,看不到被解釋的那個字。

這是本篇最難譯的地方:《左傳》在談《春秋》怎麼用字,而用字的效果不跨語言。

黃泉的雙關

黃泉=地下的泉水=陰間。 一個詞同時是字面和比喻,潁考叔就在這兩義之間找到出路。

英文的 the Yellow Springs(直譯)保得住水,但讀者不知道它是陰間;the Underworld 保得住陰間,但挖不出水。兩邊只能選一邊。

本頁選了 the Yellow Springs,並在譯文裡把 reach the springs 寫出來,讓英文讀者至少看得見那條線。

融融與洩洩

兩首歌各六個字,各用一個疊字收尾:融融(暖)、洩洩(舒)。

英文 how warm / how free 意思接近,但疊字的聲音沒有了,而那兩首歌本來就是唱的。

翟理斯譯成押韻的四行短詩(Herein we find / Our peace of mind),節奏漂亮,但兩個疊字變成了抽象名詞。

「君子曰」的體例

《左傳》用「君子曰」附評語,是一個固定的史書格式,英文 The superior man says 讀起來像某個人在說話。

它其實更接近一個欄位名稱,像現代學術著作的「按語」。這個體例感,英文接不住。

關鍵字詞

這個字為什麼選這個英文

字詞這裡的意思英譯與選擇
寤生逆產(腳先出)born feet first
亟屢次(讀 ㄑㄧˋ)again and again
巖邑險要的城邑a fortress town
唯命唯命是從(省略)I obey
雉城牆單位,長三丈高一丈chih, a unit of wall
參國之一國都的三分之一(參同三)a third of the capital
不度不合法度beyond measure
辟通「避」avoid
厭滿足satisfaction
為之所給他安排一個地方settle a place for him
滋蔓滋長蔓延spread
斃倒下、垮台bring oneself down。不是「斃命」。
鄙邊境的城邑border town
貳兩屬,一地兩主divided allegiance
無庸不必no need
將自及將會自己招來it will reach him of itself
暱親近draw close
完聚修城牆、聚糧食repair walls and gather stores
卒乘步兵與車兵foot and chariot
啟開門接應open the gates
乘車,一乘四馬chariot
寘安置(同「置」)place
黃泉地下的泉水;陰間the Yellow Springs。雙關。
封人管理疆界的官warden of the marches
舍肉把肉放在一旁set the meat aside
羹帶汁的肉broth
遺送給(讀 ㄨㄟˋ)give, send
繄句首語氣詞(particle)
闕通「掘」,挖dig
隧挖隧道(名詞作動詞)tunnel through
融融/洩洩和樂貌/舒暢貌how warm / how free
匱竭盡run dry
錫通「賜」give

章法

這篇文章是怎麼蓋起來的

七段五百餘字,是《古文觀止》的第一篇,也是全書最長的《左傳》選文之一。

結構是「敘事—釋經—餘波」三段式,而且釋經被放在中間偏後(第五段),這個位置很關鍵:讀者先看完事情,再被告知該怎麼評價。

前四段是一條收緊的線:請制→請京→貳於己→收貳→完聚將襲。段的野心每段擴大一級,莊公每段回絕一次出手。

第四段是全篇唯一的動作段,只有二十二個字的實戰。 前面越慢,這裡越快。

第五段是鑰匙,六個字逐字拆解,全篇的道德判斷都在這裡。

第六段是餘波,也是全篇最溫暖的一段——但它緊接在最冷的判決之後,兩段的落差就是這篇文章的味道。

第七段「君子曰」讚的是潁考叔不是莊公,等於再補一刀:母子和好是外人促成的。

英語世界怎麼讀他

A Tunnel

翟理斯只譯了全篇最後三分之一(從「遂寘姜氏於城潁」起),前面的政治鬥爭與整段春秋筆法,被他壓縮成方括號裡的兩行提要。篇名也因此從〈鄭伯克段于鄢〉變成了〈一條隧道〉。

最關鍵的損失是黃泉。 他譯成 Until we meet in the Underworld,接著潁考叔的辦法就變成 dig down to the Underworld and form a tunnel——英文讀者會覺得莫名其妙:挖到陰間? 中文的「黃泉」字面就是地下的泉水,挖到出水就算數,這個機關在英文裡消失了。

第二處:「爾有母遺,繄我獨無」譯成 alas! I have no mother——讀起來像莊公的母親已經死了。 原文是「我偏偏沒有可以送的母親」,母親活著,就在城潁。

第三處:他把兩首歌譯成押韻的四行短詩,Herein we find / Our peace of mind。很好聽,但「融融」「洩洩」兩個疊字變成了抽象的 peace of mind。

還有一個小錯:他的方括號注寫 721 B.C.,魯隱公元年是前 722 年。

這是本系列第一次遇到「節譯到只剩一段」的情況。 翟理斯的選擇是有道理的——他要給英國讀者一個好看的小故事,而春秋筆法對他們沒有意義。但《古文觀止》把這篇放在全書第一,看中的正好是他刪掉的那一段。

[In 721 B.C., the mother of Duke Chuang of the Ch'ing State conspired against him, with a view to put her younger son on the throne. The plot failed.]Then the Duke placed his mother under restraint, swearing to her the following oath:—“Until we meet in the Underworld, I will not look upon you again,”—an oath of which he shortly repented.Later on, one of the frontier officials, who had heard the story, came to pay his respects. The Duke entertained him with a meal, and noticed that he put aside a portion of the meat served to him. On the Duke asking him why he did so, the official replied, “Your servant has a mother, who always shares his food; she has never tasted your Grace's meat, and I beg to be allowed to keep some for her.” The Duke said, “Ah, you have a mother to whom you can give things; alas! I have no mother.”The official ventured to ask how this could be; and the Duke told him, adding that he now repented of his oath. “This need not trouble your Grace,” said the official. “It will be necessary only to dig down to the Underworld and form a tunnel in which the meeting can take place. Who shall say that this is not in accordance with your oath?” The Duke agreed, and entered the tunnel singing,Herein we find / Our peace of mind,while his mother came in singing,Without, no more / Was joy in store,and thus they became mother and son as before.— Herbert A. Giles 翟理斯譯,Gems of Chinese Literature(1922 年版)· 《左傳》

活在現代中文裡

這篇文章留下來的話

句子現在怎麼用英文可對應
多行不義必自斃壞事做多了一定自取滅亡he who does much that is unrighteous will bring himself down
何厭之有哪裡會有滿足的時候what satisfying is there?
黃泉相見不到死不相見(由本篇誓言而來)not until the Yellow Springs
其樂融融和樂的樣子the joy of it, how warm
孝子不匱孝心不會枯竭(《詩·大雅·既醉》)the filial son does not run dry

🍎 給雙語課老師的教學提示

  • 適合程度:進階。故事本身好懂,難在第五段的春秋筆法,以及莊公動機的判斷。
  • 開場(先只給六個字):把「鄭伯克段于鄢」六個字寫在板上,問學生能推出什麼。再發全文。 讀完回頭看那六個字,效果最強。
  • 核心提問:莊公究竟是隱忍還是設局?請學生從原文找證據,兩邊各找三處。 「公聞其期」與「謂之鄭志」是最關鍵的兩處。
  • 字詞練習:第五段逐字拆解(弟/克/鄭伯/出奔),請學生各造一個現代的例子——例如新聞標題用「涉嫌」還是「涉犯」,用「離職」還是「請辭」。春秋筆法沒有消失,它每天都在標題裡。
  • 最好用的一問:潁考叔為什麼不勸莊公認錯,而去挖地?(因為認錯要有人輸,挖地誰都不必輸。) 這一問可以延伸到現實的調解場景。
  • 與〈燭之武退秦師〉並讀:同一部書、同一個「何厭之有」。兩篇一起教,學生會發現《左傳》的說話術是一套可辨認的技術。
  • 對照練習:翟理斯只譯了後三分之一,而且把「黃泉」譯成 Underworld。請學生說明為什麼這樣一譯,潁考叔的辦法就不通了。 證據全在紙上,不必額外查資料。
  • 寫作延伸:用六個字概括一件你經歷過的事,然後寫五百字解釋那六個字為什麼這樣選。 中英文各一篇。