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曹劌論戰

一個平民要見國君談打仗,開口問的第一句卻是「你憑什麼打」。國君答了三次,只有第三次過關——而那一次跟軍隊完全無關。

作者《左傳》 The Tso Commentary(相傳左丘明撰,成書於戰國初)
年代魯莊公十年(前 684 年),長勺之戰
出處《左傳·莊公十年》;《古文觀止》卷一
文體史傳敘事
篇幅《左傳》莊公十年該章全文(篇題為《古文觀止》所加)

全文 · 中英對照

曹劌論戰 Ts'ao Kuei on the Conduct of War

點任一行的 🔊 可以聽英譯的發音。本頁主譯文為本站自譯。正文採《左傳》讀法、現行標準字形,起訖依《古文觀止》。 右欄為翟理斯 1922 年全譯,本系列少見的高完成度譯文,說明見對照欄。

1第一段 · 一個平民要進去目錄 ↑

「肉食者鄙」四個字,把說話的人和被說的人分成了兩邊。曹劌不是官,他是自己走進去的。

十年春,齊師伐我。公將戰,曹劌請見。In the spring of the tenth year, the army of Ch'i attacked us. The Duke was about to give battle, and Ts'ao Kuei asked for an audience.
其鄉人曰:「肉食者謀之,又何間焉?」His fellow villagers said: The meat-eaters will plan it. What part have you in it?
劌曰:「肉食者鄙,未能遠謀。」乃入見。Kuei said: The meat-eaters are shortsighted; they cannot plan far ahead. And he went in to see the Duke.

2第二段 · 三問三答,只有一個過關目錄 ↑

他問的完全不是軍事。 三個回答分別關於恩惠、祭祀、訴訟——前兩個被駁回,第三個過關,理由是「忠之屬也」。

問:「何以戰?」He asked: On what will you fight?
公曰:「衣食所安,弗敢專也,必以分人。」The Duke said: What clothing and food give me ease, I have never dared keep to myself; I always share them out.
對曰:「小惠未遍,民弗從也。」He replied: A small kindness that does not reach everyone. The people will not follow you for it.
公曰:「犧牲玉帛,弗敢加也,必以信。」The Duke said: In the victims and the jade and silk of sacrifice, I have never dared overstate; I always report truly.
對曰:「小信未孚,神弗福也。」He replied: A small good faith that has not yet won trust. The spirits will not bless you for it.
公曰:「小大之獄,雖不能察,必以情。」The Duke said: In lawsuits great and small, though I cannot examine them all, I always judge by the facts.
對曰:「忠之屬也,可以一戰。戰則請從。」He replied: That belongs to doing your utmost for the people. On this you may fight. And when you fight, let me come with you.

3第三段 · 四個字打完一場仗目錄 ↑

全篇最短的一段,也是唯一的戰爭場面。 曹劌總共只說了四句話,每句兩個字:未可、可矣、未可、可矣。

公與之乘,戰于長勺。The Duke took him in his chariot, and they fought at Ch'ang-shao.
公將鼓之,劌曰:「未可。」齊人三鼓。劌曰:「可矣。」齊師敗績。The Duke was about to beat the drum for the charge. Kuei said: Not yet. The men of Ch'i drummed three times. Kuei said: Now. The army of Ch'i was routed.
公將馳之,劌曰:「未可。」下視其轍,登軾而望之,曰:「可矣。」遂逐齊師。The Duke was about to give chase. Kuei said: Not yet. He got down and looked at their wheel tracks, climbed onto the crossbar and looked after them, and said: Now. So they pursued the army of Ch'i.

4第四段 · 打完才解釋目錄 ↑

兩段解釋,對應戰場上的兩個「未可」。 第一個講士氣,第二個講戒備——而他並不是憑膽識,他是下車看過。

既克,公問其故。When the victory was won, the Duke asked him the reason.
對曰:「夫戰,勇氣也。一鼓作氣,再而衰,三而竭。He replied: Battle is a matter of spirit. The first roll of the drum rouses it; the second lets it slacken; the third exhausts it.
彼竭我盈,故克之。Theirs was spent and ours was full: that is why we overcame them.
夫大國難測也,懼有伏焉。A great state is hard to fathom; I feared an ambush.
吾視其轍亂,望其旗靡,故逐之。」I saw that their wheel tracks were confused and their banners were down, and so I gave chase.

English Vocabulary

英譯裡值得帶走的字 12 words

這一欄的字全部取自上面的英譯,不是古文字義。 每個字都附它在本篇出現的那一句——單字和例句各有一個 🔊,點了都唸英文。

meat-eaters(n.)肉食者,指有官位的人

The meat-eaters will plan it. What part have you in it?

肉食者謀之,又何間焉。

shortsighted(adj.)目光短淺的

The meat-eaters are shortsighted; they cannot plan far ahead.

肉食者鄙,未能遠謀。

kindness(n.)恩惠

A small kindness that does not reach everyone. The people will not follow you for it.

小惠未遍,民弗從也。

victims(n.)祭祀用的牲畜(此處非「受害者」)

In the victims and the jade and silk of sacrifice, I have never dared overstate.

犧牲玉帛,弗敢加也。

overstate(v.)誇大、虛報

In the victims and the jade and silk of sacrifice, I have never dared overstate.

犧牲玉帛,弗敢加也。

lawsuit(n.)訴訟案件

In lawsuits great and small, though I cannot examine them all, I always judge by the facts.

小大之獄,雖不能察,必以情。

utmost(n.)全力

That belongs to doing your utmost for the people. On this you may fight.

忠之屬也,可以一戰。

rout(v.)擊潰

The men of Ch'i drummed three times. Kuei said: Now. The army of Ch'i was routed.

齊人三鼓。劌曰:可矣。齊師敗績。

crossbar(n.)車前的橫木

He climbed onto the crossbar and looked after them.

登軾而望之。

slacken(v.)鬆懈、衰減

The first roll of the drum rouses it; the second lets it slacken.

一鼓作氣,再而衰。

ambush(n.)埋伏

A great state is hard to fathom; I feared an ambush.

夫大國難測也,懼有伏焉。

fathom(v.)看透、摸清

A great state is hard to fathom.

夫大國難測也。

Reading Check

讀懂了嗎 6 questions

全部根據上面的英譯出題,不考古文字義。 點一下選項就揭曉答案,不必送出,也不會記錄任何資料。

1. What did Ts'ao Kuei's fellow villagers say to him?

2. What was Kuei's first question to the Duke?

3. Which of the Duke's three answers passed?

4. What did Kuei say at the two moments when the Duke wanted to act?

5. What did Kuei do before giving the word to pursue?

6. How does Kuei explain the three rolls of the drum?

逐段導讀

這篇文章在做什麼

他問的是政治,不是軍事

曹劌見到國君,第一句話是「何以戰」——你憑什麼打。

莊公答了三次,沒有一次講到兵力、糧草、地形。 三個回答是:我分東西給人、我祭祀不虛報、我判案依實情。

而過關的是第三個。 理由是「忠之屬也」——盡心對待百姓。分東西只到身邊的人,祭祀只關神的事,只有判案是對全國每一個人的。

《左傳》把這段放在戰爭之前,而且比戰爭本身長三倍。 它要說的是:仗打不打得贏,在開打之前就決定了。

四個字打完一場仗

第三段是全篇唯一的戰爭場面,曹劌總共說了四句話,每句兩個字:未可、可矣、未可、可矣。

其餘全是動作:公將鼓之、齊人三鼓、齊師敗績、公將馳之、下視其轍、登軾而望之、遂逐齊師。

這是《左傳》寫戰爭的典型手法——動作密集,判斷極簡,理由一律留到事後。(本站〈鄭伯克段于鄢〉的實戰只有二十二個字,是同一套寫法。)

「下視其轍」——他不是憑感覺

第四段解釋第二個「未可」時,曹劌說的不是「我判斷」,是「我看」:吾視其轍亂,望其旗靡。

他下了車,蹲下去看車輪痕跡,再爬上車前橫木看旗子。 兩個動作,兩項證據。

這一點常被「一鼓作氣」的名氣蓋過去。 前半靠的是對士氣的通則,後半靠的是現場查證——通則加證據,才是完整的方法。

「肉食者」是一個階級標記

「肉食者」=吃得起肉的人,指有官位的人(官員的俸祿含肉)。

鄉人勸他別管,理由是「這是肉食者的事」;曹劌的回答是「肉食者鄙」。 兩句話就畫出了說話的人站在哪一邊。

這是本系列少見的平民發言。 〈師說〉的李蟠是士人,〈捕蛇者說〉的蔣氏是被訪問的對象,曹劌是自己走進宮門的。

右欄翟理斯把「肉食者」譯成 the authorities 和 a poor lot,階級標記整個不見了,這是他這篇唯一的大損失。

「齊師伐我」的「我」是魯國

《左傳》站在魯國的立場寫,所以敵國稱名(齊師),本國稱「我」。

翟理斯譯文全程用 our duke、we conquered、against us,把這個立場保留下來了——這是很細心的處理,本系列不常見。

⚠️ 你可能讀反的地方

課本選過的文章最容易讀反——因為你背的是課本的解釋,不是文章本身。以下放的是原文明明寫了、但多數人沒注意到的字句。

「犧牲」是祭祀用的牲畜

「犧牲玉帛」的「犧牲」=祭祀用的牛羊豕。不是今天的「犧牲奉獻」。

這是古今異義裡最典型的一個,幾乎每個學生都會誤讀。「犧」是純色的牲,「牲」是完整的牲。

「獄」是訴訟案件

「小大之獄」的「獄」=官司、訴訟。不是監獄。

同〈捕蛇者說〉的用法一致,兩篇可對照。

「情」是實情

「必以情」的「情」=事實、實際情況。不是感情,也不是人情。

整句=即使不能一一查清,也一定依照實情判決。

「加」是虛報

「弗敢加也」的「加」=誇大、虛報(把祭品說得比實際多)。不是「增加」。

「孚」是使人信服

「小信未孚」的「孚」=為人所信服。不是「浮」,也不是「孵」。

整句=這點誠信還沒有讓人信服。

「福」在這裡是動詞

「神弗福也」的「福」=賜福(名詞作動詞)。不是「幸福」。

本系列的名詞作動詞:函、師、隧、福——可以整組一起教。

「間」讀 ㄐㄧㄢˋ

「又何間焉」的「間」=參與、插手。不是「中間」,也不是「時間」。

「鄙」是見識淺

「肉食者鄙」的「鄙」=目光短淺。不是「鄙視」,也不是〈鄭伯克段于鄢〉的「邊邑」。

同一個字,本系列已經出現三個義項:邊邑(鄭伯克段)、見識淺(本篇)、自謙(出師表「先帝不以臣卑鄙」)。

「登軾」是登上車前的橫木

「軾」=車廂前面供人扶手的橫木。登軾而望,是為了看得更遠。

有一說認為「登軾」應作「登車」,因為軾太細站不住人。兩說並存,不必強斷。

「敗績」是大敗

「齊師敗績」的「敗績」=軍隊潰敗。專用於軍隊,不用於個人。

「靡」是倒下

「望其旗靡」的「靡」=倒伏。不是「靡費」,也不是「靡靡之音」。

「小惠未遍」也作「小惠未徧」

「遍」與「徧」是同一個字的兩種寫法,《古文觀止》與多數課本印「徧」,本站一律採現行標準字形作「遍」。

意思完全相同,考試時兩種寫法都應該認得。

🔍 英文譯不出來的地方

翻譯是最嚴格的閱讀。中文可以含糊帶過的地方,英文非得做決定。以下是譯這篇文章時被迫做的取捨,也是中文最值得停下來看的地方。

「未可/可矣」的兩個字

曹劌在戰場上總共只說了八個字,四次兩字。

英文的 Not yet / Now 已經是最短的譯法,但中文那四句在頁面上是四個一模一樣長的塊,視覺上就有節奏。

這種「短到不能再短」的效果,是字數整齊造成的,英文的音節長短不齊,接不住。

「一鼓作氣,再而衰,三而竭」

三、三、三,九個字。 而且「作」「衰」「竭」三個動詞是一條下坡。

英文 rouses it / lets it slacken / exhausts it 意思都對,但九個字變成了三個長短不一的子句,那條下坡就不整齊了。

這九個字後來變成兩個成語(一鼓作氣、再衰三竭),可見中文讀者記住的正是它的形狀。

「彼竭我盈」

四個字,兩組對立:彼/我、竭/盈。

英文 Theirs was spent and ours was full 已經很貼,但中文四個字就說完,英文要八個詞。 這是文言的密度差。

「肉食者」的階級意味

一個飲食習慣被用來指一個階級。 這種說法在中文裡是活的(今天還說「肉食者鄙」)。

英文的 the meat-eaters 直譯讀者看不懂,翟理斯改成 the authorities 讀者看得懂但味道沒了。本頁保留直譯並在註解說明,因為這個比喻本身就是要教的東西。

關鍵字詞

這個字為什麼選這個英文

字詞這裡的意思英譯與選擇
師軍隊army
伐我攻打我國(我=魯)attacked us
肉食者居官的人(吃得起肉的)the meat-eaters, i.e. office-holders
間參與(讀 ㄐㄧㄢˋ)take part in
鄙目光短淺shortsighted
遠謀長遠的謀劃plan far ahead
何以戰憑什麼打on what will you fight
所安使人安適的東西what gives ease
專獨占keep to oneself
小惠未遍小恩小惠沒有普及a small kindness that does not reach everyone
犧牲祭祀用的牲畜the victims of sacrifice。不是今天的犧牲。
玉帛玉器與絲織品,祭品jade and silk
加虛報、誇大overstate
孚使人信服win trust
福賜福(名詞作動詞)bless
獄訴訟案件lawsuit。不是監獄。
察一一查清examine
情實情the facts
忠之屬盡心於民這一類的事doing one's utmost for the people
乘同坐一車ride together
鼓之擊鼓進軍beat the drum for the charge
敗績軍隊潰敗be routed
馳驅車追擊give chase
轍車輪的痕跡wheel tracks
軾車前的橫木the crossbar of a chariot
盈充滿full
測推測、摸清fathom
伏埋伏ambush
靡倒下down, fallen

章法

這篇文章是怎麼蓋起來的

四段兩百餘字,是本系列最短的敘事篇。 而它的比例很不尋常。

戰前一百字,戰中五十字,戰後七十字。 一場決定魯國存亡的戰役,真正打起來只佔四分之一。

第一段是資格問題(一個平民憑什麼談國事),第二段是條件問題(國君憑什麼打),第三段是執行,第四段是原理。

第二段與第四段是一組對稱:都是曹劌在講道理,一個在戰前講政治,一個在戰後講戰術。中間夾著幾乎不說話的第三段。

全篇的重心在第二段而不在第四段。 「一鼓作氣」太有名,容易讓人以為這是一篇講戰術的文章——但《左傳》花最多字寫的是「何以戰」。

英語世界怎麼讀他

The Battle of Ch'ang-Cho

這是本系列目前遇到最完整、也最用心的一篇翟理斯譯文,該說的要說。他做對了三件事:

一、保留了《左傳》的魯國立場。 原文「齊師伐我」的「我」是魯國,他全程用 our duke、against us、we conquered,沒有把敘事者抹平成中性的第三人稱。

二、把《春秋》經文當題辭放在最前面(In the tenth year of his reign... —Annals)。這正好示範了經與傳的關係,而那是本站〈鄭伯克段于鄢〉整篇在講的事。

三、「一鼓作氣,再而衰,三而竭」譯得準確:rouses it / begins to flag / is exhausted,那條下坡的方向是對的。

他唯一的大損失是「肉食者」。 原文兩次出現,都是階級標記——鄉人說「肉食者謀之」,曹劌回「肉食者鄙」。翟理斯譯成 the authorities 和 They are but a poor lot,吃肉這個比喻消失了,跟著消失的是「一個平民在批評當官的」這層意思。

另有一處他改寫了內容:「犧牲玉帛,弗敢加也,必以信」原意是祭品數量不敢虛報,他譯成 I have trusted more to earnestness of heart than to costly displays(我重誠心勝於重排場)。這是十九世紀英國讀者熟悉的宗教語言,但不是原文說的事。

小地方:「其鄉人」(同鄉)他譯成 Kuei's clansmen(族人)。

In the tenth year of his reign, in spring, in the first moon, Duke Chuang defeated the army of the Ch'i State at Ch'ang-Cho. — Annals.The State of Ch'i having declared war against us, our duke was about to give battle, when a man named Kuei begged for an audience. Kuei's clansmen had said to him, “The authorities will decide upon the proper strategy; what place will there be in their counsels for you?” To which Kuei had replied, “They are but a poor lot, and have no idea whatever of deep-laid plans.”Accordingly, Kuei was admitted to see the duke, and at once enquired, saying, “On the strength of what is your Highness about to fight?” “I have never monopolized the comforts of food and raiment,” replied the duke; “I have always shared with others.” “That,” said Kuei, “is a small favor, extending only to a few. The people will not rally round you on that account alone.”“Then,” continued the duke, “in the sacrifices to the Gods I have trusted more to earnestness of heart than to costly displays.” “That again,” objected Kuei, “is an insufficient basis. The Gods will not bless your arms on that account alone.” “And in all judicial investigations,” added the duke, “though oft-times unable to ascertain the precise truth, I have always given my decision in accordance with the evidence before me.” “Ha!” cried Kuei; “so far you have done your duty to the people, and you may risk a battle on that. I myself pray to be allowed to accompany your Highness.” To this the duke acceded, and took Kuei with him in his own chariot.The battle was fought at Ch'ang-cho; and on sighting the enemy our duke would have forthwith given orders to beat an attack, but Kuei said “Not yet!” Only when the enemy's drums had sounded thrice did Kuei shout out, “Now!”Our victory was complete; and the duke would promptly have given orders to pursue, had not Kuei again said, “Not yet!” The latter then alighted and examined the tracks of the enemy's chariot-wheels; after which he got up on the hand-rail in front, and following the flying foe with his eye, cried out, “Now!” Thereupon the order was given to pursue.When the battle had been gained, our duke asked Kuei for an explanation of his tactics. “A battle,” replied Kuei, “depends wholly upon the martial ardour of the combatants. At the first roll of the drum, that ardour is violently excited; with the second, it begins to flag; with the third, it is exhausted. Now, when the enemy's ardour was at this last stage, ours was at its highest pitch: therefore we conquered them. Still, against a formidable foe, one should be prepared for anything. I feared an ambuscade; but I found that their wheel-tracks were in evident disorder. I then looked at their standards, and saw that these also were in confusion. Therefore I gave the word to pursue.”— Herbert A. Giles 翟理斯譯,Gems of Chinese Literature(1922 年版)· 《左傳》

活在現代中文裡

這篇文章留下來的話

句子現在怎麼用英文可對應
一鼓作氣趁著第一股勁頭把事情做完the first roll of the drum rouses the spirit
再衰三竭士氣一再受挫而耗盡the second lets it slacken, the third exhausts it
彼竭我盈對方力竭而我方氣盛theirs was spent and ours was full
轍亂旗靡車轍雜亂、旗幟倒下,形容潰敗wheel tracks confused, banners down
肉食者鄙居高位的人目光短淺the meat-eaters are shortsighted

🍎 給雙語課老師的教學提示

  • 適合程度:入門。字數少、故事完整、成語密度是本系列最高的一篇(一鼓作氣、再衰三竭、彼竭我盈、轍亂旗靡、肉食者鄙,全部出自這兩百字)。
  • 開場:先問「打仗要準備什麼」,把學生說的寫在板上(通常是兵、糧、武器、地形)。再讀第二段。 曹劌問的三個問題一個都不在板上。
  • 核心提問:為什麼前兩個回答不算,第三個算?(分東西只到身邊的人,祭祀只關神的事,判案是對全國每一個人的。)
  • 容易漏掉的一問:曹劌憑什麼敢追?(不是憑膽識——他下車看了車轍,又爬上車看了旗子。) 這一問可以把「一鼓作氣」從勵志口號拉回方法論。
  • 字義重點:「犧牲」是祭祀用的牲畜、「獄」是官司、「情」是實情。第一個尤其要講,它是古今異義最典型的例子。
  • 「鄙」的三個義項:邊邑(〈鄭伯克段于鄢〉)、見識淺(本篇)、自謙(〈出師表〉「先帝不以臣卑鄙」)。三篇都在站上,可以一次講完。
  • 對照練習:翟理斯把「肉食者」譯成 the authorities。請學生說明這樣一改,第一段少了什麼。 這是訓練「翻譯會丟掉什麼」最乾淨的例子,因為只牽涉一個詞。
  • 寫作延伸:用「何以戰」的問法,寫三個問題去檢驗一件你要做的事——而且三個問題都不能問工具與資源。 中英文各一段。