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六國論

六國加起來土地五倍、人口十倍,為什麼打不過秦?蘇轍的答案只有一句:他們沒看懂韓國和魏國站在哪裡。

作者蘇轍 Su Ch'e(1039–1112)
年代約嘉祐年間(1056–1063),蘇轍二十餘歲
出處《欒城應詔集》;《古文觀止》卷十一
文體論(史論)
篇幅全文(蘇轍作;蘇洵另有同名一篇,本站未收)

全文 · 中英對照

六國論 On the Six States

點任一行的 🔊 可以聽英譯的發音。本頁主譯文為本站自譯,逐句白話直譯。〈六國論〉沒有公版英譯,右欄改放翟理斯譯李斯〈諫逐客書〉作對照——同一件事的另一面。

1第一段 · 我一直覺得很奇怪目錄 ↑

開頭不下結論,只說「我讀了很奇怪」。最後八個字才亮出論點:不知天下之勢。

嘗讀六國世家,竊怪天下之諸侯,以五倍之地,十倍之衆,發憤西向,以攻山西千里之秦,而不免於滅亡,I have read the Hereditary Houses of the Six States, and privately wondered at it: the lords of the empire, with five times the land and ten times the people, roused themselves and faced west to attack a Ch'in holding a thousand li beyond the mountains — and yet could not escape destruction.
常為之深思遠慮,以為必有可以自安之計。I have often thought long and deeply about it, believing there must have been some plan by which they could have made themselves safe.
葢未嘗不咎其當時之士,慮患之疎,而見利之淺,且不知天下之勢也。And I have never failed to fault the men of that time: their foresight of danger was thin, their sight of advantage shallow, and they did not understand the shape of the empire.

2第二段 · 真正的戰場在韓、魏目錄 ↑

用一個身體的比喻定位:韓魏對秦國是「腹心之疾」。 然後舉范雎與商鞅為證。

夫秦之所與諸侯爭天下者,不在齊、楚、燕、趙也,而在韓、魏之郊;What Ch'in contended for with the lords was not in Ch'i, Ch'u, Yen or Chao, but in the borderlands of Han and Wei;
諸侯之所與秦爭天下者,不在齊、楚、燕、趙也,而在韓、魏之野。and what the lords contended for with Ch'in was not in Ch'i, Ch'u, Yen or Chao, but in the fields of Han and Wei.
秦之有韓、魏,譬如人之有腹心之疾也。For Ch'in to have Han and Wei beside it was like a man having a disease in his vitals.
韓、魏塞秦之衝,而蔽山東之諸侯,故夫天下之所重者,莫如韓、魏也。Han and Wei blocked Ch'in's highway and screened the lords east of the mountains; so nothing in the empire mattered as much as Han and Wei.
昔者范雎用於秦而收韓,商鞅用於秦而收魏,Long ago, when Fan Chü was employed in Ch'in he took in Han; when Shang Yang was employed in Ch'in he took in Wei.
昭王未得韓、魏之心,而出兵以攻齊之剛壽,而范雎以為憂。When King Chao, not yet having won the hearts of Han and Wei, sent troops to attack Kang and Shou in Ch'i, Fan Chü was troubled by it.
然則秦之所忌者,可以見矣。From this, what Ch'in feared may be seen.

3第三段 · 六國把自己的屏障讓了出去目錄 ↑

論證的核心。秦國打燕趙本來是很危險的事——除非韓魏已經倒向秦國。而六國正是讓這件事發生了。

秦之用兵於燕、趙,秦之危事也。For Ch'in to use troops against Yen and Chao was a dangerous business for Ch'in.
越韓過魏而攻人之國都,燕、趙拒之於前,而韓、魏乘之於後,此危道也。To go past Han and cross Wei in order to attack another state's capital, with Yen and Chao resisting in front and Han and Wei striking from behind — that is a dangerous road.
而秦之攻燕、趙,未嘗有韓、魏之憂,則韓、魏之附秦故也。Yet when Ch'in attacked Yen and Chao it never had to fear Han and Wei — because Han and Wei had attached themselves to Ch'in.
夫韓、魏諸侯之障,而使秦人得出入於其閒,此豈知天下之勢邪?Han and Wei were the lords' own barrier, and they let the men of Ch'in come and go through it. Is that understanding the shape of the empire?
委區區之韓、魏,以當強虎狼之秦,彼安得不折而入於秦哉?They abandoned the small states of Han and Wei to stand alone against a Ch'in strong as tiger and wolf. How could those two not break and go over to Ch'in?
韓、魏折而入於秦,然後秦人得通其兵於東諸侯,而使天下徧受其禍。Once Han and Wei broke and went over, the men of Ch'in could pass their troops through to the eastern lords, and the whole empire suffered the disaster.

4第四段 · 本來應該怎麼做目錄 ↑

提出一套完整的替代方案:兩國在前線,四國在後面供養。 然後用一句反問收束:秦國還能幹什麼?

夫韓、魏不能獨當秦,而天下之諸侯,藉之以蔽其西,故莫如厚韓親魏以擯秦。Han and Wei could not stand against Ch'in alone, yet the lords of the empire relied on them to screen their western side. Nothing therefore would have been better than to treat Han generously and keep Wei close, and so shut Ch'in out.
秦人不敢逾韓、魏以窺齊、楚、燕、趙之國,而齊、楚、燕、趙之國,因得以自完於其閒矣。Then the men of Ch'in would not have dared pass Han and Wei to spy on Ch'i, Ch'u, Yen and Chao, and those four states could have kept themselves whole behind them.
以四無事之國,佐當寇之韓、魏,使韓、魏無東顧之憂,而為天下出身以當秦兵。With four states at peace supporting Han and Wei who faced the enemy, Han and Wei would have had no anxiety behind them, and could have gone out on the empire's behalf to meet Ch'in's troops.
以二國委秦,而四國休息於內,以陰助其急,若此,可以應夫無窮。Let two states face Ch'in while four rested within and quietly helped them at need: in this way they could have met a war without end.
彼秦者,將何為哉?And that Ch'in — what could it have done?
不知出此,而乃貪疆埸尺寸之利,背盟敗約,以自相屠滅,They did not see this. Instead they coveted a foot or an inch of border land, broke their oaths and ruined their covenants, and slaughtered one another.
秦兵未出,而天下諸侯已自困矣。Before Ch'in's troops had even set out, the lords of the empire had already worn themselves down.
至使秦人得伺其隙,以取其國,可不悲哉!And so they let the men of Ch'in watch for the gap and take their states. Is that not to be grieved over?

English Vocabulary

英譯裡值得帶走的字 12 words

這一欄的字全部取自上面的英譯,不是古文字義。 每個字都附它在本篇出現的那一句——單字和例句各有一個 🔊,點了都唸英文。

hereditary(adj.)世襲的(Hereditary Houses=《史記》的「世家」)

I have read the Hereditary Houses of the Six States, and privately wondered at it.

嘗讀六國世家,竊怪天下之諸侯。

rouse(v.)奮起、振作

The lords roused themselves and faced west to attack a Ch'in holding a thousand li beyond the mountains.

以趨秦之利。

foresight(n.)遠見、先見之明

Their foresight of danger was thin, their sight of advantage shallow.

慮患之疏,而見利之淺。

vitals(n.)要害、內臟

For Ch'in to have Han and Wei beside it was like a man having a disease in his vitals.

秦之有韓魏,譬如人之有腹心之疾。

screen(v.)屏障、遮蔽

Han and Wei blocked Ch'in's highway and screened the lords east of the mountains.

韓魏塞秦之衝,而蔽山東之諸侯。

barrier(n.)屏障

Han and Wei were the lords' own barrier, and they let the men of Ch'in come and go through it.

夫韓魏諸侯之障,而使秦人得出入於其間。

attach oneself to(phr.)依附、投靠

Yet when Ch'in attacked Yen and Chao it never had to fear Han and Wei — because Han and Wei had attached themselves to Ch'in.

秦之攻燕趙,未嘗有韓魏之憂,則韓魏之附秦故也。

go over to(phr. v.)倒向、投向(敵方)

How could those two not break and go over to Ch'in?

彼安得不折而入於秦哉。

spy on(phr. v.)窺伺

The men of Ch'in would not have dared pass Han and Wei to spy on Ch'i, Ch'u, Yen and Chao.

秦人不敢踰韓魏以窺齊楚燕趙之國。

covet(v.)貪圖

Instead they coveted a foot or an inch of border land.

而貪疆埸尺寸之利。

covenant(n.)盟約

They broke their oaths and ruined their covenants, and slaughtered one another.

背盟敗約,以自相屠滅。

wear down(phr. v.)耗損、拖垮

Before Ch'in's troops had even set out, the lords of the empire had already worn themselves down.

秦兵未出,而天下諸侯已自困矣。

Reading Check

讀懂了嗎 6 questions

全部根據上面的英譯出題,不考古文字義。 點一下選項就揭曉答案,不必送出,也不會記錄任何資料。

1. What puzzled the writer when he read the Hereditary Houses of the Six States?

2. Where does he say the real contest between Ch'in and the lords lay?

3. What image does he use for Ch'in having Han and Wei beside it?

4. Why did Ch'in never have to fear Han and Wei when it attacked Yen and Chao?

5. What does the writer say the lords should have done?

6. What did they do instead?

逐段導讀

這篇文章在做什麼

《古文觀止》收的是這一篇,不是蘇洵那篇

〈六國論〉有兩篇最有名:蘇洵的與蘇轍的。父子同題。

台灣課本教的是蘇洵版——「六國破滅,非兵不利,戰不善,弊在賂秦」。但《古文觀止》只收了蘇轍這一篇(卷十一),蘇洵那篇沒有收。

兩篇的診斷完全不同。 蘇洵說六國敗在賄賂秦國(割地求和,越割越弱);蘇轍說六國敗在不懂地理(沒看出韓魏是屏障)。

一個純粹的戰略分析

蘇轍的論點只有一句:「不知天下之勢」。 他不談道德,不談人心,只談位置。

韓、魏在秦國東出的必經之路上。 秦國要打齊楚燕趙,就得先過韓魏。所以韓魏是六國共同的門,而六國讓這扇門自己壞掉了。

他甚至給出了完整的替代方案:兩國頂在前面,四國在後面供養。 這是一份可執行的戰略建議——只是晚了一千兩百年。

這是一篇應考文章

本篇收在《欒城應詔集》——是蘇轍應制科考試所作。 寫的時候他二十出頭。

知道這件事,文章的形狀就好懂了:破題、立論、舉證、獻策、收束,結構乾淨到近乎公式。它不是抒發感慨,是在答一道題。

跟〈過秦論〉是同一個題目的另一面

賈誼問:秦國那麼強,為什麼一個陳涉就垮了? 蘇轍問:六國那麼大,為什麼打不過秦?

兩篇合起來就是秦的一生。 而兩人的答案剛好互補:賈誼說秦亡於「仁義不施」(守天下用錯方法),蘇轍說六國亡於「不知天下之勢」(根本沒看懂棋盤)。(本站〈過秦論〉可對讀。)

⚠️ 你可能讀反的地方

課本選過的文章最容易讀反——因為你背的是課本的解釋,不是文章本身。以下放的是原文明明寫了、但多數人沒注意到的字句。

作者是蘇轍,不是蘇洵

蘇轍是蘇軾的弟弟、蘇洵的兒子。 三人合稱「三蘇」,都在唐宋八大家之列。

如果你記得的是「六國破滅,非兵不利,戰不善,弊在賂秦」,那是蘇洵的版本,不在《古文觀止》裡。

「山西」不是山西省

指崤山以西,即秦國。相對地「山東」指崤山以東的六國。同〈過秦論〉的用法。(本站〈過秦論〉有同一個字詞說明。)

「腹心之疾」不是心臟病

「腹心」指要害、內臟。「腹心之疾」=長在要害上的病,比喻致命而切近的威脅。

注意方向:是「秦之有韓、魏,譬如人之有腹心之疾」——韓魏是秦國的心腹之患,不是六國的。

「收」是收服、拉攏

「范雎用於秦而收韓」=范雎在秦國任職,就把韓國收攏過去。不是「收復」,也不是「收取」。

「委」是放棄

「委區區之韓、魏」=丟下弱小的韓魏不管。「以二國委秦」=讓兩個國家去面對秦國。兩個「委」意思略異,都不是「委託」的現代義。

「疆埸」的「埸」讀 ㄧˋ

是田界、邊界。「疆埸尺寸之利」=邊界上一尺一寸的小利。不是「場」。

「擯」是排除

讀 ㄅㄧㄣˋ,排斥、擋在外面。「厚韓親魏以擯秦」=厚待韓國、親近魏國,把秦國擋在外面。

🔍 英文譯不出來的地方

翻譯是最嚴格的閱讀。中文可以含糊帶過的地方,英文非得做決定。以下是譯這篇文章時被迫做的取捨,也是中文最值得停下來看的地方。

第二段的雙行對句

「秦之所與諸侯爭天下者,不在齊、楚、燕、趙也,而在韓、魏之郊;諸侯之所與秦爭天下者,不在齊、楚、燕、趙也,而在韓、魏之野。」

兩句只換了主客與最後一個字(郊/野),其餘完全相同。 中文靠這種近乎重複的對句,把「同一件事的兩面」壓在一起。

英文照譯會顯得囉嗦(What Ch'in contended for... and what the lords contended for...),英語的修辭本能是換句話說,而換了就看不出那是同一個結構。

四個國名一再重複

齊、楚、燕、趙這四個名字在全篇出現六次以上,每次都是同一個順序、同一組四個字。

中文讀起來像一個固定的詞組(等於「其他四國」);英文每次都要寫 Ch'i, Ch'u, Yen and Chao,四個陌生音節重複六遍,英語讀者只會覺得吃力。

「可不悲哉」的收尾

四個字,反問兼感嘆。前面五百字都是冷靜的戰略分析,最後四個字才讓情緒出來。

英文 Is that not to be grieved over? 意思對,但英文的反問句在論說文裡很常見,不像中文那樣構成一次「破格」。

關鍵字詞

這個字為什麼選這個英文

字詞這裡的意思英譯與選擇
世家《史記》記諸侯的體例Hereditary Houses。是書的體例名。
竊私下(謙辭)privately。同〈師說〉〈諫逐客書〉。
山西崤山以西,即秦west of the mountains。不是山西省。
山東崤山以東,即六國east of the mountains。
疎疏忽(同「疏」)thin, careless。
勢形勢、格局the shape of things。全篇的關鍵字。
郊/野邊境地帶borderlands/fields。
腹心之疾長在要害的病a disease in the vitals。
衝要道highway。
蔽遮蔽、屏障screen。
收收服、拉攏take in。
障屏障barrier。
委放棄/交付abandon/let face。文中兩見,意義略異。
區區小小的small。
折折服、倒向break and go over。
徧普遍(同「遍」)the whole。
擯排除(讀 ㄅㄧㄣˋ)shut out。
自完保全自己keep themselves whole。
疆埸邊界(埸讀 ㄧˋ)border land。
伺窺伺、等待機會watch for。

章法

這篇文章是怎麼蓋起來的

怪—定—駁—策,四段約五百三十字。這是應試文章的標準骨架。

第一段破題:不直接下結論,先說「我覺得很奇怪」。把讀者放到跟自己同樣的困惑裡,最後才亮出「不知天下之勢」六個字。

第二段定位:用兩句對句指出真正的戰場,再用一個身體比喻(腹心之疾)定性,再舉范雎、商鞅兩個實例。論點、比喻、證據,三樣齊備。

第三段反面論證:如果韓魏沒有倒向秦,秦國打燕趙是很危險的。用假設法證明韓魏的關鍵性。

第四段獻策:提出完整方案(二國當前、四國供養),用反問「彼秦者,將何為哉」收住,再轉回現實——六國沒這樣做,反而自相殘殺。

全篇只有最後四個字帶情緒(可不悲哉)。前面五百字沒有一句抒情,這是史論與辭賦最大的差別。

英語世界怎麼讀他

(無公版英譯)· 對照:翟理斯譯李斯〈諫逐客書〉

〈六國論〉沒有公版英譯,翟理斯兩本書都沒有收蘇轍的文章。

右欄放的是他譯的〈諫逐客書〉——同一件事的另一面。 蘇轍問六國為什麼輸,李斯的信則展示了秦國為什麼贏:它吸收了六國的人才。

而且兩篇點到了同樣兩個人。 蘇轍第二段說「范雎用於秦而收韓,商鞅用於秦而收魏」;李斯的信正是以「孝公用商鞅」「昭王得范雎」作為論據。同樣兩個名字,一個說他們替秦國拆了六國的屏障,一個說他們證明外來人才有用。

有意思的是,翟理斯把李斯那一整段跳過了——包含商鞅與范雎的歷史論證,他一個字都沒譯。所以英語讀者讀不到這個交叉點。(本站〈諫逐客書〉有完整說明。)

THE high officers of State had combined to persuade the Prince of Ch'in to dismiss all foreign nobles and other strangers from the Court, urging that such persons were there only in the interests of their masters. This proscription would have included me. I therefore sent up the following Memorial:―May it please your Majesty, The present scheme for proscribing strangers is in every way a fatal step. Have we not innumerable examples in the past of the employment of foreigners, to the greater glory of the State and to the infinite advantage of the people?— Herbert A. Giles 翟理斯譯,Gems of Chinese Literature(1922 年版)· 李斯〈諫逐客書〉開頭

活在現代中文裡

這篇文章留下來的話

句子現在怎麼用英文可對應
不知天下之勢形容看不清大局;戰略與商業分析場合常引not understanding the shape of things
腹心之疾比喻切近而致命的威脅a disease in the vitals
背盟敗約違背盟約break oaths and ruin covenants
自相屠滅自己人互相殘殺slaughter one another

🍎 給雙語課老師的教學提示

  • 適合程度:中階。論證清楚、結構乾淨,是教「議論文怎麼寫」最好用的範文之一。
  • 課堂設計(先給地圖):發一張戰國七雄地圖,標出崤函、韓、魏的位置。讓學生自己看出秦國東出必須經過韓魏。 看出來之後再讀文章,論點不用解釋。
  • 重要澄清(本篇重點):課本教的〈六國論〉是蘇洵的,《古文觀止》收的是蘇轍的。 把兩篇的第一句並排——「弊在賂秦」vs「不知天下之勢」——同一個題目,父子兩種診斷。
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