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諫逐客書

七百零六個字,寫給一個剛下令把所有外國人趕走的君主。他看完就撤了命令——而寫這封信的人,自己也在被趕的名單上。

作者李斯 Li Ssu(約前 284–前 208)
年代秦王政十年(前 237),鄭國渠事發、秦下逐客令之後
出處《史記·李斯列傳》;《古文觀止》卷四
文體奏議(上書)
篇幅書信全文(《史記·李斯列傳》的敘事外框未收)

全文 · 中英對照

諫逐客書 Against the Expulsion of Foreigners

點任一行的 🔊 可以聽英譯的發音。本頁主譯文為本站自譯,逐句白話直譯;右欄另附翟理斯(Herbert A. Giles)的公版譯本節錄——他把全篇最重要的歷史論證整段跳過了。

1第一段 · 四位國君都用了外國人目錄 ↑

開門見山說「這是錯的」,然後立刻搬出四位秦國先君。全部是秦國自己的歷史,對方無法反駁。

臣聞吏議逐客,竊以為過矣。I hear that the officials are deliberating on expelling foreigners. I venture to think this a mistake.
昔穆公求士,西取由余於戎,東得百里奚於宛,迎蹇叔於宋,求丕豹、公孫支於晉;Long ago Duke Mu sought out able men: from the west he took Yu Yü from the Jung, from the east he got Pai-li Hsi from Wan, he welcomed Chien Shu from Sung, and sought out P'i Pao and Kung-sun Chih from Chin.
此五子者,不產于秦,而穆公用之,并國二十,遂霸西戎。These five men were not born in Ch'in, yet Duke Mu employed them; he annexed twenty states and became overlord of the western Jung.
孝公用商鞅之法,移風易俗,民以殷盛,國以富強,百姓樂用,諸侯親服,獲楚、魏之師,舉地千里,至今治強。Duke Hsiao used the laws of Shang Yang: customs were changed, the people grew prosperous, the state grew rich and strong, the common people served willingly and the other lords submitted; he took the armies of Ch'u and Wei and a thousand li of land, and to this day the state is well governed and strong.
惠王用張儀之計,拔三川之地,西并巴、蜀,北收上郡,南取漢中,包九夷,制鄢、郢,東據成皋之險,割膏腴之壤,King Hui used the schemes of Chang I: he seized the lands of the Three Rivers, annexed Pa and Shu in the west, took Shang commandery in the north and Han-chung in the south, enclosed the Nine Yi, subdued Yen and Ying, held the pass of Ch'eng-kao in the east, and carved off the richest soil;
遂散六國之從,使之西面事秦,功施到今。so he broke up the north-south alliance of the six states and made them face west and serve Ch'in — and the benefit reaches to this day.
昭王得范雎,廢穰侯,逐華陽,彊公室,杜私門,蠶食諸侯,使秦成帝業。King Chao got Fan Chü: he dismissed the Marquis of Jang and drove out the Lord of Hua-yang, strengthened the royal house and shut out the private clans, ate away at the other lords like a silkworm, and brought Ch'in to imperial greatness.
此四君者,皆以客之功。由此觀之,客何負於秦哉?All four of these rulers owed their success to foreigners. Looking at it this way, how have foreigners failed Ch'in?
向使四君卻客而不內,疏士而不用;是使國無富利之實,而秦無強大之名也。Had those four turned foreigners away and not admitted them, kept able men at a distance and not used them, the state would have had no real wealth and Ch'in no name for greatness.

2第二段 · 陛下用的東西,沒有一樣是秦國產的目錄 ↑

從歷史轉到眼前。列出一長串珍寶,然後問一句:這些秦國都不產,你為什麼喜歡?

今陛下致崑山之玉,有隨、和之寶,垂明月之珠,服太阿之劍,乘纖離之馬,建翠鳳之旗,樹靈鼉之鼓;Now Your Majesty brings in jade from the K'un mountains, holds the treasures of Sui and Ho, hangs the bright-moon pearl, wears the T'ai-a sword, rides the Hsien-li horse, raises the kingfisher-phoenix banner, and sets up drums of sacred crocodile hide.
此數寶者,秦不生一焉,而陛下說之,何也?Of these several treasures Ch'in produces not one, and yet Your Majesty delights in them. Why?
必秦國之所生然後可;則是夜光之璧,不飾朝廷;犀象之器,不為玩好;If a thing must be produced in Ch'in before it may be used, then the night-shining disc would not adorn the court, vessels of rhinoceros horn and ivory would not be objects of pleasure,
鄭、衛之女,不充後宮;而駿良駃騠,不實外廄;江南金錫不為用,西蜀丹青不為采。women of Cheng and Wei would not fill the inner palace, fine horses would not fill the outer stables, the gold and tin of Chiang-nan would go unused, and the cinnabar and azurite of western Shu would not be taken for pigment.

3第三段 · 連音樂你都選外國的目錄 ↑

把範圍推到飾物、女子、音樂。最後八個字說穿了:你不過是覺得好聽好看而已。

所以飾後宮,充下陳,娛心意,說耳目者,必出於秦然後可;If everything that adorns the inner palace, fills the lower ranks, pleases the mind and delights the ear and eye had to come from Ch'in,
則是宛珠之簪,傅璣之珥,阿縞之衣,錦繡之飾,不進於前,而隨俗雅化。佳冶窈窕,趙女不立於側也。then pins set with Wan pearls, earrings hung with fine beads, robes of O silk and brocade ornaments would not be brought before you; and the graceful, elegant women of Chao would not stand at your side.
夫擊甕叩缶,彈箏搏髀,而歌呼嗚嗚快耳目者,真秦之聲也;Beating jars and knocking on pots, plucking the cheng and slapping the thigh, singing out “wu-wu” to please the ear — that is the true music of Ch'in.
鄭、衛、桑間、《韶虞》、《武象》者,異國之樂也。The songs of Cheng, Wei and Sang-chien, and the Shao-yü and the Wu-hsiang — these are the music of other states.
今棄擊甕而就鄭、衛,退彈箏而取《韶虞》,若是者何也?Now you set aside the jar-beating and take up Cheng and Wei, put away the cheng and choose the Shao-yü. Why is that?
快意當前,適觀而已矣。Simply because it pleases you here and now, and is agreeable to look upon.

4第四段 · 那為什麼用人就不一樣目錄 ↑

全篇的轉折點,只有三句。前面鋪了五百字,就是為了問這一句。

今取人則不然:不問可否,不論曲直,非秦者去,為客者逐。But in choosing men it is not so: no asking whether a man is able, no weighing of right and wrong; whoever is not of Ch'in must go, whoever is a foreigner is expelled.
然則是所重者,在乎色、樂、珠、玉,而所輕者在乎人民也;If so, then what you value lies in women, music, pearls and jade, and what you make light of lies in people.
此非所以跨海內,制諸侯之術也!This is not the way to bestride all within the seas and hold the other lords in check.

5第五段 · 泰山與河海目錄 ↑

換成正面說理,兩個比喻立起原則,最後用「藉寇兵而齎盜糧」收尾。警告,但不威脅。

臣聞地廣者粟多,國大者人衆,兵強則士勇;I have heard that where the land is broad the grain is plentiful, where the state is large the people are many, and where the arms are strong the soldiers are brave.
是以泰山不讓土壤,故能成其大;河海不擇細流,故能就其深;Therefore Mount T'ai does not refuse a clod of earth, and so achieves its greatness; the rivers and the sea do not pick among small streams, and so achieve their depth;
王者不卻衆庶,故能明其德;and a true king does not turn back the multitude, and so makes his virtue shine.
是以地無四方,民無異國,四時充美,鬼神降福,此五帝、三王之所以無敵也。Thus the land has no four quarters and the people no foreign states; the four seasons are full and fair and the gods send down blessings. This is why the Five Emperors and the Three Kings had no equal.
今乃棄黔首以資敵國,卻賓客以業諸侯,使天下之士,退而不敢西向,裹足不入秦,But now you cast away the common people to enrich enemy states and turn back guests to build up the other lords, so that the able men of the world draw back and dare not face west, binding their feet and refusing to enter Ch'in.
此所謂藉寇兵而齎盜糧者也。This is what is called lending weapons to a bandit and handing provisions to a thief.
夫物不產於秦,可寶者多;士不產於秦,而願忠者衆。Many things not produced in Ch'in are worth treasuring; many men not born in Ch'in are willing to be loyal.
今逐客以資敵國,損民以益讎,內自虛而外樹怨於諸侯,求國之無危,不可得也。Now to expel foreigners and so enrich enemy states, to reduce your own people and so add to your foes, to hollow yourself out within while planting resentment among the lords without — and then to seek that the state be free from danger: that cannot be had.

English Vocabulary

英譯裡值得帶走的字 12 words

這一欄的字全部取自上面的英譯,不是古文字義。 每個字都附它在本篇出現的那一句——單字和例句各有一個 🔊,點了都唸英文。

deliberate on(phr. v.)商議、討論

I hear that the officials are deliberating on expelling foreigners.

臣聞吏議逐客。

expel(v.)驅逐

I hear that the officials are deliberating on expelling foreigners. I venture to think this a mistake.

臣聞吏議逐客,竊以為過矣。

annex(v.)兼併

He annexed twenty states and became overlord of the western Jung.

并國二十,遂霸西戎。

overlord(n.)霸主

He annexed twenty states and became overlord of the western Jung.

并國二十,遂霸西戎。

subdue(v.)制伏、征服

He enclosed the Nine Yi, subdued Yen and Ying.

包九夷,制鄢郢。

cinnabar(n.)丹砂(紅色顏料)

The cinnabar and azurite of western Shu would not be taken for pigment.

西蜀丹青不為采。

pigment(n.)顏料

The cinnabar and azurite of western Shu would not be taken for pigment.

西蜀丹青不為采。

bestride(v.)跨據、統御

This is not the way to bestride all within the seas and hold the other lords in check.

此非所以跨海內、制諸侯之術也。

clod(n.)土塊(與〈春夜宴桃李園序〉the great clod「大塊」是同字異指)

Mount T'ai does not refuse a clod of earth, and so achieves its greatness.

泰山不讓土壤,故能成其大。

multitude(n.)眾人

A true king does not turn back the multitude, and so makes his virtue shine.

王者不卻眾庶,故能明其德。

provisions(n.)糧食

This is what is called lending weapons to a bandit and handing provisions to a thief.

此所謂藉寇兵而齎盜糧者也。

hollow out(phr. v.)使內部空虛

To hollow yourself out within while planting resentment among the lords without.

內自虛而外樹怨於諸侯。

Reading Check

讀懂了嗎 6 questions

全部根據上面的英譯出題,不考古文字義。 點一下選項就揭曉答案,不必送出,也不會記錄任何資料。

1. What proposal is the writer objecting to?

2. What do the four earlier rulers he cites have in common?

3. What argument does he make from the King's own possessions?

4. What contrast does he draw between things and people?

5. Which images does he use for true greatness?

6. What does he say expelling foreigners amounts to?

逐段導讀

這篇文章在做什麼

這封信改變了歷史

秦王政十年,韓國派水工鄭國到秦國修渠,目的是消耗秦國國力,事發。秦國宗室大臣藉機說:各國來秦國做事的人都是間諜,全部趕走。 秦王下了逐客令。

李斯是楚國人,他自己就在被趕的名單上。 他寫了這封信,秦王看完當場撤銷逐客令,並且把他召回、升官。李斯後來做到丞相,輔佐秦王統一六國。

這是中國文學史上少數可以確定「產生了實際效果」的文章。 讀它的時候要記得:寫的人是當事人,而且他只有一次機會。

他一個字都沒有替自己講

李斯自己被逐,但全篇沒有一句提到自己的處境。他從頭到尾只講一件事:趕走外國人對秦國不利。

這是這封信最厲害的地方。 如果他寫「我是無辜的」,秦王可以不理;他寫「這樣做你會吃虧」,秦王不能不理。

論證分四步走

第一步用歷史:秦國自己的四位先君都靠外國人建功。這是對方無法反駁的事實。

第二步用物:陛下身上用的、看的、聽的,沒有一樣是秦國產的。這一步很危險——等於當面說君主表裡不一——但他用列舉的方式說,不下判斷。

第三步是轉折(今取人則不然),只有三句。前面五百字全是為了這三句。

第四步用原理:泰山不讓土壤、河海不擇細流。從具體回到抽象,把話講成普遍道理,替君主留了台階。

最後一句是警告,不是威脅

「藉寇兵而齎盜糧」——把武器借給強盜,把糧食送給小偷。 你趕走的人,會去替敵國做事。

但李斯沒有說「你會亡國」,他說的是「求國之無危,不可得也」——你想要國家沒有危險,做不到。用否定的方式講後果,比直接恐嚇更難反駁。

⚠️ 你可能讀反的地方

課本選過的文章最容易讀反——因為你背的是課本的解釋,不是文章本身。以下放的是原文明明寫了、但多數人沒注意到的字句。

「客」不是客人

是從別國來秦國做事的人(客卿)。「逐客」=把這些外來的人才趕走。不是趕走賓客。

翟理斯譯 foreigners(外國人)或 strangers,方向對。但現代中文的「客」語感太輕,容易讓學生以為只是訪客。

「內」讀 ㄋㄚˋ,通「納」

「卻客而不內」=拒絕外來者而不接納。不是「內外」的內。 這是文言文常見的通假。

「說」讀 ㄩㄝˋ,通「悅」

「而陛下說之」=陛下喜歡它們。同《論語》「不亦說乎」的說。(本站論語選讀有該章。)

「從」讀 ㄗㄨㄥˋ,通「縱」

「散六國之從」的「從」指合縱——六國聯合抗秦的策略(縱橫家的「縱」)。不是「跟從」。

「黔首」是秦代對百姓的稱呼

「黔」是黑色,指平民以黑巾裹頭。秦代官方文書用「黔首」稱百姓,這個詞出現在文章裡,本身就是時代的印記。

「藉」讀 ㄐㄧㄝˋ,是借出

「藉寇兵」=把兵器借給敵人。不是「憑藉」。「齎」讀 ㄐㄧ,是送給。兩個字都是「給出去」。

「泰山不讓土壤」的「讓」是拒絕

不是謙讓。 「讓」在這裡是推辭、不接受。整句是:泰山不拒絕任何一塊土,所以才那麼大。

這是全篇最常被引用、也最常被解釋錯的一句。

翟理斯把最重要的一段整段跳過了

第一段「四君用客」——全篇論證的地基——翟理斯完全沒有譯。 他從開頭直接跳到「今陛下致崑山之玉」的珍寶清單。

他還在開頭加了一段原文沒有的說明(The high officers of State had combined to persuade the Prince of Ch'in...),把《史記》的敘事背景併進了李斯的信裡。

所以英語讀者讀到的這封信,是一封只講器物、不講歷史的信——論證只剩一半。

🔍 英文譯不出來的地方

翻譯是最嚴格的閱讀。中文可以含糊帶過的地方,英文非得做決定。以下是譯這篇文章時被迫做的取捨,也是中文最值得停下來看的地方。

專名密度極高

第一段不到三百字,出現了四位國君、五位謀臣、十幾個地名國名。中文讀者靠三個字一個名字快速掃過;英文每個名字都要音譯,還常要補 Duke/King/Marquis 這類頭銜。

結果是英文版讀起來慢得多、也吃力得多。 翟理斯乾脆整段不譯,多半就是因為這個。

否定句群的壓迫感

不飾朝廷/不為玩好/不充後宮/不實外廄/不為用/不為采——六個「不」連下來,每個都是四到六字。

英文的 would not... would not... 也能重複,但英文的否定要靠助動詞(would not be),字數膨脹,六句排下來變得冗長,那種一記一記敲下去的節奏就散了。

「泰山不讓土壤,河海不擇細流」的對偶

兩句各七字,泰山/河海、讓/擇、土壤/細流,字字相對,而且兩個動詞都是「不拒絕」的意思,卻用了不同的字(讓、擇)。

英文 does not refuse a clod of earth / do not pick among small streams——refuse 與 pick 不成對,而且長度相差太多。中文那種「兩句一樣重」的感覺沒有了。

「求國之無危,不可得也」的語序

中文把「想要的事」放在前面,把「做不到」放在最後三個字。懸念在句末解除。

英文 to seek that the state be free from danger: that cannot be had——必須用冒號硬造停頓,否則英文的語序會把否定提前,力道就先洩掉了。

關鍵字詞

這個字為什麼選這個英文

字詞這裡的意思英譯與選擇
客從別國來任職的人才(客卿)foreigners。不是賓客。
竊私下(謙辭)I venture to。同〈師說〉的「竊比」。
產出生、出產be born/be produced。
并兼併annex。
内通「納」,接納(讀 ㄋㄚˋ)admit。
說通「悅」,喜歡(讀 ㄩㄝˋ)delight in。
從通「縱」,合縱(讀 ㄗㄨㄥˋ)the north-south alliance。
下陳後宮中地位較低的位次the lower ranks。
適觀看著順眼agreeable to look upon。
可否/曲直有沒有能力/是非對錯able or not/right and wrong。
黔首百姓(秦代用語)the common people。
業使……壯大(動詞)build up。
裹足把腳綁住,指不肯前進binding their feet。
藉借給(讀 ㄐㄧㄝˋ)lend。不是「憑藉」。
齎送給(讀 ㄐㄧ)hand over。
讓拒絕、推辭refuse。不是謙讓。
讎仇敵foes。同「仇」。

章法

這篇文章是怎麼蓋起來的

史—物—轉—理,五段七百零六字,是本系列最長的一篇。

史(第一段,約 280 字):四位秦君,各配一位外來謀臣,四組結構完全平行(某君用某人,做了什麼,結果如何)。用對方自己的家譜說話,這是最難反駁的論證方式。

物(第二、三段,約 230 字):從玉、珠、劍、馬、旗、鼓,到女子、衣飾、音樂。清單越列越長,而每一樣都不是秦國產的。 全部只為了鋪那一句「秦不生一焉,而陛下說之,何也?」

轉(第四段,僅 60 字):今取人則不然。全篇的樞紐,字數卻最少。 前面五百多字是助跑,這三句是落點。

理(第五段,約 150 字):換成正面說理。泰山、河海、王者三個比喻並列,然後才講後果。從批評轉為原則,讓君主可以「接受道理」而不是「認錯」。

文體上這是奏議,寫給君主看的。所以全篇沒有一個字責備,句句都站在「這樣對秦國不利」的位置——這是政治文書的分寸,也是它能成功的原因。

英語世界怎麼讀他

On the Employment of Foreigners

這一篇有公版譯本,收在翟理斯《古文選珍》,標題譯作 On the Employment of Foreigners。

但他是節譯,而且砍掉的正是地基。 第一段「四君用客」——穆公、孝公、惠王、昭王的完整歷史論證,將近三百字——他一個字都沒譯,直接跳到珍寶清單。

他還在開頭補了一段原文沒有的背景說明,把《史記·李斯列傳》的敘事框架併進了信裡。所以英語讀者看到的,是一封只講器物、不講歷史的信。

這不是錯譯,是編輯選擇——專名太多,英語讀者難以消化。但代價是論證從四步變成三步,而最有力的那一步不見了。 右欄第三段可以看到他譯得多好(泰山那句),對照之下更可惜。

THE high officers of State had combined to persuade the Prince of Ch'in to dismiss all foreign nobles and other strangers from the Court, urging that such persons were there only in the interests of their masters. This proscription would have included me. I therefore sent up the following Memorial:―May it please your Majesty, The present scheme for proscribing strangers is in every way a fatal step. Have we not innumerable examples in the past of the employment of foreigners, to the greater glory of the State and to the infinite advantage of the people? From the mountains of Tibet your Majesty receives jade; from elsewhere, jewels. Bright pearls, good blades, fine horses, kingfisher banners, triton-skin drums,―of such rarities not one is produced at home, yet your Majesty delights in all.As broad acres yield large crops, so for a nation to be great there should be a great population; and for soldiers to be daring their generals should be brave. Not a single clod was added to T‘ai-shan in vain: hence the huge mountain we now behold.— Herbert A. Giles 翟理斯譯,Gems of Chinese Literature(1922 年版)· 節錄開頭、珍寶段與泰山段

活在現代中文裡

這篇文章留下來的話

句子現在怎麼用英文可對應
泰山不讓土壤,河海不擇細流形容容納得下才成得了大;企業與教育場合常引Mount T'ai does not refuse a clod of earth
藉寇兵而齎盜糧形容把資源送給對手;戰略與商業評論常見lending weapons to a bandit and provisions to a thief
移風易俗改變社會風氣change customs and transform manners
蠶食像蠶吃桑葉一樣一點一點併吞eat away like a silkworm
逐客趕走外來人才;「逐客令」今指下逐客令趕人走expel foreigners

🍎 給雙語課老師的教學提示

  • 適合程度:進階。七百零六字,專名極多,建議排在系列後段,或分兩節課。
  • 課堂設計(先給結局):先說結果——秦王看完當場撤銷命令,寫信的人後來當上丞相。 再問:一封信要怎麼寫,才能讓一個剛下完命令的君主改口?然後才讀全文。
  • 核心提問:李斯自己就在被趕的名單上,但全篇沒有一句替自己說話。 為什麼?如果他寫「我是冤枉的」,結果會不會不同?
  • 論證拆解:把四個步驟(史/物/轉/理)寫在黑板上,請學生標出每一步各佔幾個字。會發現最關鍵的第三步只有六十字。 這就是文章的重心與篇幅可以不成比例。
  • 翻譯比較(本篇亮點):告訴學生翟理斯整段跳過了「四君用客」。問:如果只讀英文版,你會覺得這封信有說服力嗎? 少掉的那一段,少掉的是什麼?
  • 雙語分工:中師處理「內/納」「說/悅」「從/縱」三組通假與「讓」的古義;外師討論專名密度對翻譯的影響——這是英譯中國歷史文本最實際的困難。
  • 時事連結:這是一篇談「外來人才」的文章。可以連到現代的移民政策、國際人才競爭、留學生簽證。 兩千兩百年前的論證,今天幾乎可以原封不動地用。
  • 寫作延伸:用李斯的方法寫一封信——不替自己辯護,只說明對方會損失什麼。 題目自訂。中英文各一段。