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阿房宮賦

開頭十二個字寫完一個帝國的建立與一座宮殿的出現。結尾說:滅掉六國的是六國自己,滅掉秦的也是秦自己。

作者杜牧 Tu Mu(803–852)
年代寶曆元年(825),杜牧二十三歲,為諷唐敬宗大修宮室而作
出處《樊川文集》;《古文觀止》卷七
文體賦
篇幅全文

全文 · 中英對照

阿房宮賦 Rhapsody on the O-p'ang Palace

點任一行的 🔊 可以聽英譯的發音。本頁主譯文為本站自譯,逐句白話直譯。〈阿房宮賦〉沒有公版英譯,右欄改放翟理斯譯歐陽修〈五代史伶官傳序〉作對照——同樣主張興亡是人為不是天意。

1第一段 · 宮殿蓋起來了目錄 ↑

開頭十二個字,四個三字句,寫完統一與建宮。然後是全篇最鋪張的一段:樓、閣、廊、簷、橋、複道,最後連天氣都不一樣。

六王畢,四海一。蜀山兀,阿房出。The six kings were finished; the four seas were one. The hills of Shu were stripped bare; the O-p'ang Palace came forth.
覆壓三百餘里,隔離天日。It covered and pressed down more than three hundred li, shutting out sky and sun.
驪山北構而西折,直走咸陽。From Mount Li it was built northward, then turned west, running straight to Hsien-yang.
二川溶溶,流入宮牆。Two rivers flowed broad and slow into the palace walls.
五步一樓,十步一閣。Every five paces a tower; every ten paces a pavilion.
廊腰縵迴,簷牙高啄。The corridors wound like sashes; the teeth of the eaves pecked high.
各抱地勢,鉤心鬭角。Each took the lie of the land, hooking toward the center, jostling at the corners.
盤盤焉,囷囷焉,蜂房水渦,矗不知其幾千萬落。Coiling and coiling, spiralling and spiralling, like honeycombs, like whirlpools, they stood — no one knows how many thousand clusters.
長橋臥波,未雲何龍。Long bridges lay across the water: with no clouds, how could there be dragons?
複道行空,不霽何虹。Covered walks ran through the air: with no clearing after rain, how could there be rainbows?
高低冥迷,不知西東。High and low, dim and bewildering: one could not tell west from east.
歌臺暖響,春光融融。On the singing terraces the sound was warm: spring light melting.
舞殿冷袖,風雨淒淒。In the dancing halls the sleeves were cold: wind and rain, bleak.
一日之內,一宮之間,而氣候不齊。Within a single day, within a single palace, the weather was not the same.

2第二段 · 宮裡的人目錄 ↑

六個「……也」的判斷句,把亮光、黑雲、油膩、煙霧、雷聲一一揭曉答案。最後一句最冷:有人三十六年沒見過皇帝。

妃嬪媵嬙,王子皇孫,辭樓下殿,輦來於秦。Consorts and concubines, waiting-women and attendants, princes and grandsons of kings, left their towers and came down from their halls, and were carried in carriages to Ch'in.
朝歌夜絃,爲秦宮人。Singing in the morning, playing strings at night, they became the palace women of Ch'in.
明星熒熒,開妝鏡也。Bright stars glittering — it was the opening of dressing mirrors.
綠雲擾擾,梳曉鬟也。Green clouds in disorder — it was the combing of morning hair.
渭流漲膩,棄脂水也。The Wei ran greasy and swollen — it was the water thrown out from their cosmetics.
烟斜霧橫,焚椒蘭也。Smoke slanting, mist lying across — it was the burning of pepper and orchid.
雷霆乍驚,宮車過也。Thunder suddenly startling — it was the palace carriages going by.
轆轆遠聽,杳不知其所之也。The rumbling heard far off and fading — no one knew where they went.
一肌一容,盡態極妍。Every inch of skin, every look, was brought to the limit of grace and beauty.
縵立遠視,而望幸焉。They stood long and gazed far, hoping for the Emperor's favor.
有不得見者,三十六年。Some never saw him at all — for thirty-six years.

3第三段 · 六國的財寶堆在這裡目錄 ↑

幾代人搜刮來的東西,一個早上易主。「鼎鐺玉石,金塊珠礫」——寶物被當成鍋子、石頭、土塊、石子。

燕趙之收藏,韓魏之經營,齊楚之精英,What Yen and Chao had gathered, what Han and Wei had managed, the finest things of Ch'i and Ch'u —
幾世幾年,取掠其人,倚疊如山。over how many reigns and years, taken by force from their own people, piled up like mountains.
一旦不能有,輸來其閒。In one morning they could hold it no longer, and it was carried in here.
鼎鐺玉石,金塊珠礫,棄擲邐迤,秦人視之,亦不甚惜。Cauldrons were treated as pots, jade as stone, gold as clods, pearls as gravel, thrown down and strewn along; and the men of Ch'in, looking at it, did not greatly grudge it.

4第四段 · 六個「多於」目錄 ↑

全篇力道最猛的一段。六組「多於」把宮殿的每一個零件,拿去跟百姓的生計相比。

嗟乎,一人之心,千萬人之心也。Alas! What one man's heart wants is what the hearts of thousands upon thousands want.
秦愛紛奢,人亦念其家。Ch'in loved lavish display; the people too thought of their own homes.
奈何取之盡錙銖,用之如泥沙。Why then take from them down to the last ounce and scruple, and spend it like mud and sand?
使負棟之柱,多於南畝之農夫。It made the pillars bearing the beams more numerous than the farmers in the southern fields;
架梁之椽,多於機上之工女。the rafters laid on the beams more numerous than the weaving women at their looms;
釘頭磷磷,多於在庾之粟粒。the glittering nail-heads more numerous than the grains of millet in the granaries;
瓦縫參差,多於周身之帛縷。the uneven tile-seams more numerous than the silk threads on a person's body;
直欄橫檻,多於九土之城郭。the straight rails and crosswise balustrades more numerous than the walled towns of the nine regions;
管絃嘔啞,多於市人之言語。the din of pipes and strings more numerous than the words of the people in the market.
使天下之人,不敢言而敢怒。It made the people of the empire not dare to speak, yet dare to be angry.
獨夫之心,日益驕固。The heart of that solitary man grew daily more arrogant and set.
戍卒叫,函谷舉,楚人一炬,可憐焦土。The garrison soldiers shouted; the Han-ku Pass was taken; a man of Ch'u set one torch — and, pity it, scorched earth.

5第五段 · 滅六國的是六國目錄 ↑

全篇的結論,也是全篇的目的。最後一句連用三個「後人」——寫的時候他二十三歲,講的是當朝。

嗚呼,滅六國者,六國也,非秦也。Alas! What destroyed the six states was the six states, not Ch'in.
族秦者,秦也,非天下也。What wiped out the clan of Ch'in was Ch'in, not the empire.
嗟夫,使六國各愛其人,則足以拒秦。Alas! Had the six states each loved their own people, that would have been enough to hold Ch'in off.
秦復愛六國之人,則遞三世可至萬世而爲君,誰得而族滅也。And had Ch'in in turn loved the people of the six states, it might have passed the throne through three reigns and on to ten thousand — and who could have wiped out its clan?
秦人不暇自哀,而後人哀之。The men of Ch'in had no leisure to grieve for themselves, and later men grieved for them.
後人哀之而不鑑之,亦使後人而復哀後人也。If later men grieve for them but take no warning, they will make yet later men grieve for them in turn.

English Vocabulary

英譯裡值得帶走的字 12 words

這一欄的字全部取自上面的英譯,不是古文字義。 每個字都附它在本篇出現的那一句——單字和例句各有一個 🔊,點了都唸英文。

strip bare(phr.)砍光、剝得精光

The hills of Shu were stripped bare; the O-p'ang Palace came forth.

蜀山兀,阿房出。

sash(n.)腰帶、絲帶

The corridors wound like sashes; the teeth of the eaves pecked high.

廊腰縵迴,簷牙高啄。

jostle(v.)推擠、相撞

Each took the lie of the land, hooking toward the center, jostling at the corners.

各抱地勢,鉤心鬥角。

honeycomb(n.)蜂巢

Like honeycombs, like whirlpools, they stood.

蜂房水渦。

bewildering(adj.)令人迷惑的

High and low, dim and bewildering: one could not tell west from east.

高低冥迷,不知西東。

consort(n.)妃嬪

Consorts and concubines, waiting-women and attendants…

妃嬪媵嬙。

greasy(adj.)油膩的

The Wei ran greasy and swollen — it was the water thrown out from their cosmetics.

渭流漲膩,棄脂水也。

cauldron(n.)大鼎

Cauldrons were treated as pots, jade as stone.

鼎鐺玉石。

gravel(n.)碎石子

Gold as clods, pearls as gravel, thrown down and strewn along.

金塊珠礫,棄擲邐迤。

scruple(n.)銖(極小的重量單位)

Why then take from them down to the last ounce and scruple?

奈何取之盡錙銖。

rafter(n.)椽子

The rafters laid on the beams more numerous than the weaving women at their looms.

架梁之椽,多於機上之工女。

garrison(n.)戍守的部隊

The garrison soldiers shouted; the Han-ku Pass was taken.

戍卒叫,函谷舉。

Reading Check

讀懂了嗎 6 questions

全部根據上面的英譯出題,不考古文字義。 點一下選項就揭曉答案,不必送出,也不會記錄任何資料。

1. What did the building of the palace cost, in the opening line?

2. How does the writer describe the layout of the palace?

3. What does the line about the Wei running greasy and swollen refer to?

4. How long did some of the women wait without ever seeing the Emperor?

5. What does the writer say destroyed the six states, and what wiped out Ch'in?

6. What is the warning in the closing line?

逐段導讀

這篇文章在做什麼

開頭十二個字

六王畢,四海一。蜀山兀,阿房出。

四個三字句,十二個字,寫完了:六國滅亡、天下統一、蜀地的山被砍光、阿房宮蓋起來。

而且第三句是關鍵——「蜀山兀」(山禿了)與「阿房出」(宮殿出現)並排,因果不必說:那座宮殿是用那座山換來的。十二個字就是全篇的縮影。

寫得越華麗,最後越狠

前三段極盡鋪陳:建築、宮人、財寶。每一樣都寫得美。 然後第四段一轉,六組「多於」把這些美全部換算成代價——柱子比農夫多、椽子比織女多、釘頭比糧食多。

前面的華麗不是欣賞,是清單。 讀到第四段才知道,前面每一句都在記帳。

這是二十三歲的人寫的,而且是在罵當朝

寶曆元年(825),唐敬宗即位不久就大修宮室。杜牧當時二十三歲,寫了這篇賦。他自己在〈上知己文章啟〉裡說得很白:「寶曆大起宮室,廣聲色,故作〈阿房宮賦〉。」

所以最後那三個「後人」是有對象的。 秦人來不及哀自己,唐人在哀秦人——而如果唐人只哀不鑑,就會輪到下一批人來哀唐人。

跟〈過秦論〉是同一個題目的不同寫法

賈誼問「秦為什麼亡」,答案是「仁義不施」;杜牧問同一個問題,答案是「不愛其人」。

但形式完全不同:〈過秦論〉是史論,用歷史事實層層鋪排;〈阿房宮賦〉是賦,用一座宮殿的華麗去堆出重量。一個用證據,一個用畫面。

而且兩篇都不是在講秦。 賈誼講給漢朝聽,杜牧講給唐朝聽。(本站〈過秦論〉可對讀。)

⚠️ 你可能讀反的地方

課本選過的文章最容易讀反——因為你背的是課本的解釋,不是文章本身。以下放的是原文明明寫了、但多數人沒注意到的字句。

「鉤心鬭角」原本是建築術語

原指建築結構:各個屋角向中心勾連(鉤心),屋角彼此相對如爭鬥(鬭角)。是在形容宮殿的繁複精巧。

今天的「勾心鬥角」指人際間互相算計,貶義。意思完全轉走了。(本系列第五個「成語意思跑掉」的例子。)

阿房宮很可能沒有蓋成,也沒有被燒

這是現代考古的發現。 2002 年起,中國社科院與陝西考古隊對阿房宮前殿遺址進行大規模勘探,結論是:前殿夯土台基雖在,但工程並未完成,且未發現大面積焚燒痕跡。

《史記》只說項羽「燒秦宮室,火三月不滅」,燒的是咸陽宮,並未明指阿房宮。

所以杜牧筆下那座「覆壓三百餘里」的宮殿,主要是文學的建構。 這不減損文章的價值——但讀的時候要知道,他寫的是一個象徵,不是一份報告。

「楚人一炬」指項羽

項羽是楚人。「一炬」=一把火。 不是泛指楚國人。

「獨夫」是很重的罵法

指眾叛親離的君主,語出《尚書·泰誓》稱紂王為「獨夫」,《孟子》也說「聞誅一夫紂矣,未聞弒君也」。

杜牧用這兩個字稱秦始皇,等於否定了他的君主身分——他不是君,是一個孤立的人。

「錙銖」是極小的重量單位

六銖為一錙,四錙為一兩。「取之盡錙銖」=連最小的一點也要拿走。 與下句「用之如泥沙」形成極端對比。

「縵立」不是慢慢站

「縵」通「曼」,長久。「縵立遠視」=長時間地站著往遠處看。

「三十六年」是秦始皇在位的年數

秦始皇在位三十七年(含稱王與稱帝)。「有不得見者,三十六年」=有人一輩子沒見到皇帝,直到他死。

這一句表面在寫宮人,實際在寫這座宮殿的無用。

「賦」不是散文

本篇是賦,講究鋪陳、對仗、押韻。第一段大量四字句與六字句,第四段六組「多於」是標準的賦體排比。朗讀時要讀出節奏,不要當散文讀。

🔍 英文譯不出來的地方

翻譯是最嚴格的閱讀。中文可以含糊帶過的地方,英文非得做決定。以下是譯這篇文章時被迫做的取捨,也是中文最值得停下來看的地方。

六組「多於」

負棟之柱多於農夫/架梁之椽多於工女/釘頭磷磷多於粟粒/瓦縫參差多於帛縷/直欄橫檻多於城郭/管絃嘔啞多於言語——六句同一個模子,每句都是「建築零件 vs 民生」。

英文的 more numerous than 重複六次會非常笨重,本頁靠分號串起來、省略重複的動詞,但那個一記一記砸下去的節奏還是弱了。中文的排比越重複越有力,英文越重複越無力——這是本系列一再遇到的同一個問題。

六個「……也」的揭曉句

明星熒熒,開妝鏡也/綠雲擾擾,梳曉鬟也——先給一個看起來像自然現象的景象,再用「也」字揭曉那其實是人為的。

中文的結構是「謎面—謎底」,六次連續。英文用破折號(Bright stars glittering — it was...)勉強模擬,但英文讀者會直接讀成比喻,感覺不到那個「揭曉」的動作。

開頭十二個字

六王畢,四海一。蜀山兀,阿房出。每句三字,兩兩相對,沒有一個虛字。

英文最短也要 The six kings were finished; the four seas were one...——動詞、冠詞、時態全都得補。中文十二個字的密度,英文要二十幾個詞。

三個「後人」

「後人哀之而不鑑之,亦使後人而復哀後人也」——一句話裡三個「後人」,指的還是不同的三批人。

英文得寫 later men... yet later men... them——必須用不同的詞區分,而一區分,那個「一代又一代重複」的暈眩感就沒有了。

關鍵字詞

這個字為什麼選這個英文

字詞這裡的意思英譯與選擇
畢完結、被滅be finished。
兀光禿stripped bare。
覆壓覆蓋壓住cover and press down。
溶溶水流盛大緩慢的樣子broad and slow。
廊腰走廊的中段the waist of the corridors。
縵迴像絲帶一樣曲折wind like sashes。
簷牙屋簷翹起如牙the teeth of the eaves。
鉤心鬭角屋角向中心勾連、彼此相對hooking toward the center, jostling at the corners。原為建築術語。
囷囷盤旋的樣子(讀 ㄑㄩㄣ)spiralling。
落院落、建築群clusters。不是「落下」。
複道樓閣間架空的通道covered walks through the air。
霽雨後天晴clearing after rain。
媵嬙隨嫁的女子與宮中女官waiting-women and attendants。
輦用車載(動詞)be carried in carriages。
鬟盤起的髮髻hair coiled up。
椒蘭花椒與蘭,古代的香料pepper and orchid。
轆轆車行聲rumbling。
縵立長久地站著stand long。縵通「曼」。
望幸盼望皇帝臨幸hope for the Emperor's favor。
鼎鐺玉石把鼎當鍋、把玉當石treat cauldrons as pots, jade as stone。
邐迤連綿散布的樣子strewn along。
錙銖極小的重量單位the last ounce and scruple。
庾露天的穀倉granary。
獨夫眾叛親離的君主that solitary man。是極重的貶稱。
舉被攻下be taken。
族滅族(動詞)wipe out the clan。
鑑以之為鑒戒take warning。

章法

這篇文章是怎麼蓋起來的

建—人—財—算—論,五段五百一十三字。前四分之三鋪陳,最後一段才議論。

第一段寫建築,用的是賦最擅長的鋪張:數量(五步一樓、十步一閣)、形狀(廊腰、簷牙)、錯覺(未雲何龍、不霽何虹)、甚至天氣(一宮之間而氣候不齊)。寫到不可思議為止。

第二段寫人,用六個「景象—揭曉」的句子把奢華具象化。第三段寫財寶,用四個「甲當乙」的短句寫盡輕賤。三段合起來是一份清單。

第四段是換算:六組「多於」把前面所有的美,一項一項折算成百姓的代價。這是全篇的轉折,也是賦體最有力的一次運用——因為前面鋪得越滿,這裡的對照就越刺。

第五段是結論,只有六句。而最後一句用三個「後人」把時間拉長,從秦、到唐、到更後面的人。寫的時候杜牧二十三歲。

英語世界怎麼讀他

Fulness and Decay

〈阿房宮賦〉沒有公版英譯。 翟理斯《古文選珍》沒有收杜牧的文章。

右欄放的是他譯的歐陽修〈五代史伶官傳序〉開篇——主張完全相同。 歐陽修說:人事的盛衰,「雖曰天命,豈非人事哉」;杜牧說:滅六國的是六國,族秦的是秦。

兩篇都在反對把興亡歸給天意。 翟理斯的譯文把這一點譯得很清楚:Though these are called the appointments of Heaven, truly they are the handiwork of man(雖然人們稱之為天命,其實那是人做出來的)。

而〈五代史伶官傳序〉也在《古文觀止》裡(卷十),是這個系列往後會做到的篇目。

Alas for the fulness and decay of human greatness! Though these are called the appointments of Heaven, truly they are the handiwork of man. The rise and fall of Chuan Tsung may be cited as an instance in point.— Herbert A. Giles 翟理斯譯,Gems of Chinese Literature(1922 年版)· 歐陽修〈五代史伶官傳序〉開篇

活在現代中文裡

這篇文章留下來的話

句子現在怎麼用英文可對應
鉤心鬥角今指人際間互相算計;原為建築術語,指屋角勾連相對scheme against one another(與原義無關)
盡態極妍形容姿態容貌美到極點brought to the limit of grace and beauty
取之盡錙銖,用之如泥沙形容搜刮無度而揮霍無度take to the last scruple, spend like mud and sand
不敢言而敢怒形容敢怒不敢言not dare to speak, yet dare to be angry
後人哀之而不鑑之警戒後人要記取教訓grieve but take no warning
楚人一炬指項羽焚秦宮室a man of Ch'u set one torch

🍎 給雙語課老師的教學提示

  • 適合程度:中階。字詞較難(建築與服飾名物多),但畫面感極強。
  • 課堂設計(先讀第四段):把六組「多於」單獨抄出來,請學生念一遍。六句念完自然會有情緒。 再回頭讀前三段,看那些美是怎麼變成代價的。
  • 成語陷阱:「鉤心鬥角」原本是建築術語。讓學生先寫下今天的意思,再看原文的語境(在講屋角)。這是本系列第五個「成語意思跑掉」的例子。
  • 誠實補充(重要):現代考古顯示阿房宮很可能沒蓋成,也沒有被燒(2002 年起的前殿遺址勘探未發現大面積焚燒痕跡)。《史記》只說項羽燒「秦宮室」。杜牧寫的是象徵,不是報告——這件事要說,但不減損文章的價值。
  • 與〈過秦論〉並讀:同一個問題(秦為什麼亡),賈誼答「仁義不施」,杜牧答「不愛其人」。但一個用史論、一個用賦;一個講給漢朝聽、一個講給唐朝聽。 本站兩篇都有。
  • 作者年齡:寫這篇時杜牧二十三歲,而且是在諷諫當朝皇帝大修宮室。知道這件事,最後三個「後人」才有對象。
  • 雙語分工:中師處理建築名物(廊腰、簷牙、複道、囷囷)與「獨夫」的分量;外師討論六組「多於」在英文裡為什麼會變得笨重——中文的排比越重複越有力,英文相反。
  • 寫作延伸:挑一樣你覺得「代價被忽略」的東西,仿第四段寫三組「多於」。中英文各一組。