A map is a view from above地圖是從上往下看
Watch the camera turn until it looks straight down. The buildings and trees fade, and symbols take their place.
看鏡頭慢慢轉到正上方。房子和樹淡出，換成符號。
Geography · Unit 1 · Lesson 4 · 地理 單元一 第四課
How Do You Read a Map?一張地圖要怎麼看？
Turn a 3D model of an island town until you look straight down and the buildings turn into symbols. Then measure distances with the scale and find your way with the north arrow and the legend.
把一座小島小鎮的 3D 模型轉到正上方，看房子變成地圖符號。再用比例尺量距離，用北方箭頭和圖例找路。
Big idea · 一句話看懂
Every map is a view from above, made smaller and drawn with symbols. To read any map, first find three things: the scale, which way is north, and the legend.
每一張地圖都是從上往下看、縮小、再用符號畫出來的。看任何一張地圖，先找三件事：比例尺、哪邊是北、圖例。
3D Model · 3D 模型
From a Model to a Map 從模型到地圖
Press “Look straight down,” or pull the slider, and watch the camera turn until it looks straight down on the town. The buildings, trees, and lighthouse fade away and map symbols take their place. Choose a smaller area to see the same place at a larger scale, drag left or right to turn the island and watch the north arrow, and click a symbol in the legend to find it. The island and town are imaginary.
按「轉到正上方」或拉動滑桿，看鏡頭慢慢轉到小鎮的正上方。房子、樹和燈塔淡出，換成地圖符號。選小一點的範圍，就是用大一點的比例尺看同一個地方；左右拖曳轉動小島，看北方箭頭怎麼跟著轉；點圖例裡的符號，找找它在哪裡。這座島和小鎮都是虛構的。
Drag left or right to turn the island · 左右拖曳轉動小島
This 3D model needs WebGL, which this browser does not support. The legend on the right still works, and so do the two map activities below.
這個瀏覽器不支援 WebGL，無法顯示 3D 模型；右邊的圖例照樣能看，下面兩個地圖活動也都能用。
- North arrow: which way is north
北方箭頭：哪邊是北 - Map symbols, explained in the legend
地圖符號，意思寫在圖例裡
The island is 10 km across. Heights in the model are drawn 1.5 times taller than they really are. The ratio scales assume the view is printed 20 cm wide.
這座島寬 10 公里，模型裡的高度畫成實際的 1.5 倍。比例尺的數字，是假設這個畫面印成 20 公分寬。
The island, the town, and every name on this page are imaginary. The map symbols were drawn for this page and are not any agency's official symbols. · 這座島、小鎮和頁面上所有的地名都是虛構的。地圖符號是本頁自己畫的，不是任何機關的官方圖例。
Reading · 英文閱讀
4
Unit 4: How Do You Read a Map?
Imagine you are standing on a hill above a small town. You can see roofs, roads, a river, and fields. Now imagine rising higher and higher until you are looking straight down. The town looks flat, and everything in it looks small. A map is a drawing of that view from above, made smaller so that it fits on a sheet of paper or a screen.
想像你站在一座小鎮旁邊的山丘上，看得到屋頂、道路、一條河和田地。現在想像你越升越高，直到從正上方往下看。小鎮看起來是平的，每樣東西都變得很小。地圖就是把這個從上往下看的樣子畫下來，再縮小到一張紙或一個螢幕放得下。
A map cannot show things as they really look, so it uses symbols. A blue line can mean a river, a small flag can mean a school, and green with little dots can mean a forest. Different maps use different symbols, so every good map has a legend, also called a key. The legend is a small table that tells you what each symbol means. When you meet a map you have never seen, the legend is the first place to look.
地圖沒辦法把東西照它真正的樣子畫出來，所以用符號。藍色的線可以代表河，小旗子可以代表學校，綠色加上小點點可以代表森林。不同的地圖用不同的符號，所以好的地圖都有圖例。圖例是一張小表，告訴你每個符號代表什麼。遇到一張沒看過的地圖，第一個要看的就是圖例。
The second thing to find is direction. On most maps, north is at the top, south is at the bottom, east is on the right, and west is on the left. Between them are northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest. But not every map is drawn that way, so look for a north arrow. If the arrow points somewhere else, turn the map in your mind until the arrow points up.
第二件要找的是方位。大多數的地圖上方是北、下方是南、右邊是東、左邊是西；它們之間還有東北、東南、西南、西北。但不是每一張地圖都這樣畫，所以要找北方箭頭（學術名詞叫「指北標」）。如果箭頭指向別的方向，就在心裡把地圖轉一轉，讓箭頭朝上。
The third thing is the scale. The scale tells you how much smaller the map is than the real ground. A scale of 1:25,000 means that 1 centimeter on the map stands for 25,000 centimeters on the ground, which is 250 meters. Many maps also have a scale bar, a short line marked with a distance such as 500 meters. If the map is enlarged or shrunk, the bar changes with it and stays correct, but the number 1:25,000 does not. You can lay a ruler or the edge of a piece of paper along the bar to measure any distance on the map.
第三件是比例尺。比例尺告訴你地圖比真正的地面縮小了多少。比例尺 1:25,000 的意思是：地圖上的 1 公分，代表地面上的 25,000 公分，也就是 250 公尺。很多地圖還有圖形比例尺，是一小段標著距離（例如 500 公尺）的線。地圖被放大或縮小時，這段線會跟著一起變，所以仍然是對的；1:25,000 這個數字就不對了。把尺或一張紙的邊對著它，就能量地圖上任何一段距離。
The same place can be drawn at different scales. A map of a whole country fits on one page only if it is made much smaller, so it shows less detail. A map of one neighborhood can show every building. Mapmakers call the second kind a large-scale map, because the fraction 1/5,000 is larger than 1/500,000. This sounds backward to many people, so it is worth remembering.
同一個地方可以用不同的比例尺來畫。整個國家的地圖要縮得很小才放得進一頁，所以畫得比較粗略；一個街區的地圖可以把每一棟房子都畫出來。製圖的人把後面那一種叫做「大比例尺」地圖，因為 1/5,000 這個分數比 1/500,000 大。很多人覺得這說法剛好反過來，所以值得記住。
With these three things, you can answer real questions. How far is it from the school to the harbor? Use the scale. Which way should you walk from the bridge to reach the lighthouse? Use the north arrow. Is the green patch beside the road a forest or a rice field? Use the legend. Reading a map is not memorizing it. It is asking the map good questions.
有了這三件事，就能回答真正的問題。從學校到港口有多遠？用比例尺。從橋要往哪個方向走才會到燈塔？用北方箭頭。公路旁邊那一片綠色是森林還是稻田？用圖例。讀地圖不是把地圖背起來，而是向地圖問好問題。
Read aloud · 課文朗讀
Questions · 閱讀理解
Why does every good map need a legend?
Different maps use different symbols, so the legend tells you what each symbol means on this particular map.
A map has the scale 1:50,000. Two towns are 6 cm apart on the map. How far apart are they on the ground?
6 × 50,000 = 300,000 cm, which is 3,000 m, or 3 km.
Which shows more detail: a map at 1:5,000 or a map at 1:500,000? Which one is called the large-scale map?
The 1:5,000 map shows more detail, because it covers a smaller area. It is the large-scale map, because 1/5,000 is a larger fraction than 1/500,000.
Words & Phrases · 生字及片語
scale(n.)比例尺The scale of this map is 1 to 25,000.這張地圖的比例尺是 1 比 25,000。legend(n.)圖例Check the legend to see what the blue line means.看看圖例，就知道藍色的線代表什麼。symbol(n.)符號A small flag is the symbol for a school on this map.在這張地圖上，小旗子是學校的符號。direction(n.)方位；方向Which direction is the harbor from here?港口在這裡的哪個方向？northeast(n.)東北The summit is to the northeast of the school.山頂在學校的東北方。distance(n.)距離Use the scale bar to measure the distance.用圖形比例尺量距離。measure(v.)量；測量Measure the line with a ruler.用尺量這條線。detail(n.)細節A large-scale map shows more detail.大比例尺的地圖畫得比較詳細。
Quick Check · 小測驗
1. Where do you look to find out what a map symbol means?
2. On most maps, which direction is at the top?
3. At a scale of 1:25,000, how far on the ground is 4 cm on the map?
4. Which map shows a small area in great detail?
5. Which way is halfway between north and east?
Try It in the Model · 在模型裡試試
Four things to watch 四件值得看的事
Then try it yourself. Turn the island until north points to the right. Which place is now at the top of the screen?
然後自己動手試試。把小島轉到北方箭頭指向右邊。現在畫面最上方是哪個地方？
Symbols and the legend符號和圖例
The school is highlighted on the map and in the legend. Click other symbols in the legend to find them too.
學校在地圖上和圖例裡都亮了起來。點圖例裡的其他符號，也找找看。
A larger scale, more detail比例尺越大，越詳細
Zoom to the neighborhood. The view is 1 km wide instead of 10 km, so a 20 cm print would be 1:5,000. Watch the scale bar change.
拉近到街區。畫面寬 1 公里而不是 10 公里，印成 20 公分寬就是 1:5,000。注意圖形比例尺怎麼改變。
North is not always up北方不一定在上面
The island turns halfway around. The north arrow in the corner turns with it, so you can always tell which way is north.
小島轉了半圈，角落的北方箭頭也跟著轉，所以你永遠知道哪邊是北。
Try It · 動手試試
Measure It 量一量
Drag the ends of the ruler, A and B. The page imagines this map printed 20 cm wide and works out the scale: the whole island is 1:50,000, the town is 1:12,500, and the neighborhood is 1:5,000. Read the ruler in centimeters, multiply by the scale, and you have the distance on the ground. Try the same two places at different scales: the ground distance stays the same, but the ruler changes.
拖動尺的兩端 A、B。頁面假設這張地圖印成 20 公分寬，算出比例尺：整座島是 1:50,000，小鎮是 1:12,500，街區是 1:5,000。讀出尺上的公分數，乘上比例尺，就是地面上的距離。用不同的比例尺量同樣兩個地方試試：地面上的距離不變，尺上的數字卻變了。
- Scale of this map (printed 20 cm wide)這張地圖的比例尺（印成 20 公分寬）
- So 1 cm on the map is所以地圖上 1 公分是
- The ruler on the printed map尺在印出來的地圖上
- Multiply by the scale乘上比例尺
- Distance on the ground地面上的距離
Game · 小遊戲
Find Your Way on the Map 照著地圖找
Eight questions about the same imaginary island. Each one starts at the place circled in pink. Use the north arrow, the scale bar, and the symbols to answer. There is no timer, and the game counts the questions you get right on the first try.
同一座虛構小島的八個問題。每一題都從粉紅色圈起來的地方出發。用北方箭頭、圖形比例尺和符號回答。不計時，遊戲會記下你第一次就答對的題數。
Question 1 of 8 · 第 1 題（共 8 題）
Right on the first try · 第一次就答對 0 / 0
Map English · 地圖英語
Eight sentences for finding your way 找路時用得到的八句英文
This lesson's Map English card is about direction and distance. Listen, repeat, then give a partner directions on the island map.
這一課的「地圖英語」練習說方位和距離。先聽、再跟著唸，然後在小島的地圖上幫同伴指路。
The school is northeast of the temple.
學校在廟的東北方。
northeast of / southwest of …在……的東北方／西南方
One centimeter on this map stands for five hundred meters.
這張地圖上的一公分代表五百公尺。
… stands for …: for the scale說比例尺
Turn left after the bridge.
過了橋之後左轉。
turn left / right after …過了……之後左轉／右轉
The legend shows what each symbol means.
圖例說明每個符號代表什麼。
the legend shows …圖例說明……
The harbor is about two kilometers away.
港口大約在兩公里外。
about … away大約在……外
Go straight along the road until you reach the river.
沿著公路直走，走到河邊。
go straight … until you reach …一直走到……
The lighthouse is at the southern end of the island.
燈塔在島的南端。
at the northern / southern end of在……的北端／南端
Which way is north on this map?
這張地圖上哪邊是北？
which way is …?哪邊是……？
Stories Behind the Map · 地圖背後的故事
East at the top, Taiwan's map symbols, three norths, and a common mistake 上方是東方的地圖、台灣地形圖的符號、三種北，和一個常見的錯誤
Four short stories about how maps show direction, symbols, and scale.
四個小故事，講地圖怎麼表示方位、符號和比例尺。
Long Ago · 很久以前
When east was at the top上方是東方的時代
North was not always at the top. A world map of 1532 from the tradition of medieval “T-in-O” maps puts east at the top, according to an exhibit at the Newberry Library in Chicago. The same exhibit explains that north probably moved to the top because sailors could rely on the North Star, and, after about 1450, because compasses, which point north, came into wide use.
北方不是一直都在上面。依美國芝加哥紐伯里圖書館的展覽說明，一張 1532 年、屬於中世紀「T-O 地圖」傳統的世界地圖，上方是東方。展覽也說明，北方後來會跑到上面，可能是因為航海的人可以依靠北極星，而且大約 1450 年以後指向北方的羅盤普遍了起來。
Taiwan · 台灣的地形圖
A flag for a school, an anchor for a harbor學校是一面旗，港口是一個錨
Taiwan's 1:25,000 topographic maps, made by the National Land Surveying and Mapping Center, have a legend with dozens of symbols. A school is a small flag on a pole, a harbor is an anchor, and a lighthouse is a small star of rays. The symbols on this page were drawn for this lesson. They look similar, but they are not the official ones.
內政部國土測繪中心的 1/25,000 經建版地形圖，圖例裡有好幾十種符號：學校是一面插在竿子上的小旗子，港口是一個錨，燈塔是一個放射光芒的小星形。本頁的符號是為這一課自己畫的，樣子相近，但不是官方的符號。
Three Norths · 三種北
Which north does a compass find?指北針找到的是哪一個北？
There is more than one north. True north points along a line of longitude to the North Pole. Grid north follows the grid printed on the map. Magnetic north is where a compass needle points, and it changes slowly with place and time. In Taipei a compass points about 5 degrees west of true north, according to NOAA's calculator for October 2026. Each sheet of Taiwan's topographic maps prints a small diagram of the three norths; one sheet from 2020 shows 4 degrees 44 minutes between grid north and magnetic north.
北方不只一種。真北是沿著經線指向北極的方向；方格北是地圖上印的方格的方向；磁北是指北針的針所指的方向，而且會隨地點和時間慢慢改變。依美國國家海洋暨大氣總署（NOAA）的計算器，2026 年 10 月在台北，指北針大約指向真北偏西 5 度。台灣的地形圖每一幅都印著一張小小的「偏角圖」；其中一幅 2020 年的圖，方格北和磁北之間是 4 度 44 分。
In Math Class · 數學課
A mistake the curriculum warns about課綱特別提醒的一個錯誤
Map scales are taught in grade 6 math in Taiwan. The curriculum asks teachers to deal with a common mistake: thinking that a bigger number after the 1 means a bigger drawing. In fact, 1:50,000 draws the same road half as long as 1:25,000. Try it with the ruler on this page by switching between the island and the town.
台灣在國小六年級的數學課教地圖比例尺。課綱特別要老師處理一個常見的錯誤：以為「比例分母愈大，相對邊長也愈大」。其實 1:50,000 畫出來的同一條路，長度只有 1:25,000 的一半。用本頁的尺，在「整座島」和「小鎮」之間切換試試看。
In the Curriculum · 對應課綱
Where this lesson fits 這一課對應的課綱
These entries come from Taiwan's 12-Year Basic Education curriculum (2018). Map scale appears in grade 6 math. In social studies, the elementary and junior high content has no entry about map symbols or directions; maps appear in senior high geography.
下面的條目出自十二年國民基本教育課程綱要（民國 107 年發布）。地圖比例尺出現在國小六年級的數學；社會領域的國小、國中學習內容沒有談地圖符號或方位的條目，地圖要到高中地理才出現。
數 S-6-2數學領域（國小六年級） · Mathematics (grade 6)
解題：地圖比例尺。地圖比例尺之意義、記號與應用。地圖上兩邊長的比和實際兩邊長的比相等。
The “Measure It” activity is this entry in action: read the ruler, multiply by the scale, and compare scales. The curriculum notes the common mistake of thinking a bigger denominator means a longer line on the map.「量一量」就是這一條的實作：讀尺、乘上比例尺、比較不同的比例尺。課綱的備註提醒要處理「以為比例分母愈大，相對邊長也愈大」的常見錯誤。
地 Ac-Ⅴ-1社會領域・地理（普通型高中必修） · Social studies, geography (senior high, required)
地圖本質與要素。
Scale, direction, and legend are the elements every map needs.比例尺、方位、圖例，是每一張地圖都要有的要素。
地 Ac-Ⅴ-3社會領域・地理（普通型高中必修） · Social studies, geography (senior high, required)
問題探究：地圖判讀與使用。
“Find Your Way on the Map” practices reading a map to answer questions about direction and distance.「照著地圖找」練習的，就是讀地圖來回答方位和距離的問題。
Myth vs. Fact · 常見迷思
Four things people get wrong 四個常見的誤會
✗ Myth · 迷思North is always at the top of a map.地圖的上方一定是北方。
✓ Fact · 事實Most maps today put north at the top, but not all of them. Always check the north arrow. National Geographic's teaching guide lists this as a common misconception.今天大多數的地圖上方是北，但不是全部。一定要看北方箭頭。國家地理學會的教學指引也把這一點列為常見的誤解。
✗ Myth · 迷思A large-scale map shows a large area.大比例尺的地圖，畫的範圍很大。
✓ Fact · 事實It is the other way around. A large-scale map, such as 1:5,000, shows a small area in great detail. The larger the second number, the smaller the scale.剛好相反。大比例尺的地圖（例如 1:5,000）畫的是小範圍、細節很多。比例尺的第二個數字越大，比例尺就越小。
✗ Myth · 迷思A map symbol means the same thing on every map.同一個符號在每一張地圖上的意思都一樣。
✓ Fact · 事實Each map chooses its own symbols. On older U.S. Geological Survey maps, one small symbol stood for both a school and a house of worship; on Taiwan's topographic maps a school is a small flag. That is why every map needs its own legend.每一張地圖自己決定用什麼符號。美國地質調查所的舊地形圖上，學校和教堂共用同一個符號；台灣的地形圖上，學校是一面小旗子。所以每一張地圖都需要自己的圖例。
✗ Myth · 迷思If you enlarge a map on a copier, its scale of 1:25,000 is still right.用影印機把地圖放大，上面寫的 1:25,000 還是對的。
✓ Fact · 事實The number is no longer right, because every distance on the copy has grown. The scale bar grows with the map, so it is still correct. The same is true when you zoom in on a screen.那個數字已經不對了，因為影本上每一段距離都變長了。圖形比例尺跟著地圖一起放大，所以仍然正確。在螢幕上放大地圖也是一樣。
Remember It · 記憶口訣
Reading a map in a sentence 一句話記住怎麼看地圖
Legend, north, scale圖例、北方、比例尺
Three things to find before you read anything else on a map.
看地圖上任何東西之前，先找這三樣。
Never Eat Soggy Waffles北、東、南、西，順時針
North, East, South, West, going clockwise. The first letters spell the English saying.
從北開始順時針轉一圈：北、東、南、西。英文的四個字首剛好是 Never Eat Soggy Waffles。
Big scale, small area比例尺大，範圍小
A large-scale map shows a small area in great detail.
大比例尺的地圖，畫的範圍小、細節多。
The bar never lies圖形比例尺不會騙人
If a map is enlarged or shrunk, the scale bar changes size with it, so it stays right.
地圖放大或縮小時，圖形比例尺跟著一起變，所以永遠是對的。
Before the Activities · 做活動之前
Working safely 安全提醒
- When you walk around the school to measure, walk, do not run, and stay where your teacher can see you.在校園裡走動測量時，用走的、不要跑，並待在老師看得到的地方。
- Do not count paces on stairs, near a road, or near the edge of a pond.不要在樓梯、馬路邊或水池邊數步數。
- Keep the measuring tape low and do not let it snap back toward anyone's face.捲尺拉低一點，收回時不要讓它彈向任何人的臉。
- If you use a compass, keep it away from phones, magnets, and metal desks, which can pull the needle off.使用指北針時，遠離手機、磁鐵和鐵桌，它們會讓指針偏掉。
Classroom Activity 1 · 課堂活動一
Map Your Classroom 畫一張教室地圖
You need · 準備材料
- Graph paper with 1 cm squares1 公分方格紙
- A measuring tape一捲捲尺
- A pencil, an eraser, and colored pencils鉛筆、橡皮擦和色鉛筆
- A compass, or a phone compass checked by the teacher一個指北針，或老師確認過的手機指南針
Steps · 步驟
- Measure the length and width of the classroom with the tape.用捲尺量教室的長和寬。
- Choose a scale so the room fits on the paper, for example 1 square = 50 cm. Write it as a scale: 1 cm = 50 cm, or 1:50.選一個比例尺，讓教室畫得進這張紙，例如一格＝50 公分。寫成比例尺：1 公分＝50 公分，也就是 1:50。
- Draw the walls, the door, the windows, and the teacher's desk to scale.照比例畫出牆、門、窗和講桌。
- Make up a symbol for each kind of thing, such as desks, cabinets, and plants, and put them in a legend.幫每一種東西想一個符號（例如課桌、櫃子、盆栽），寫進圖例。
- Find north with the compass and draw a north arrow. Then trade maps with a partner and find each other's seats.用指北針找出北方，畫上北方箭頭。然後和同伴交換地圖，找出對方的座位。
A classroom map at 1:50 is a very large-scale map: each desk can be drawn. A map of the whole school on the same paper would need a smaller scale and simpler symbols.
1:50 的教室地圖是很大比例尺的地圖，每張桌子都畫得出來。同一張紙要畫整座學校，就得用比較小的比例尺和比較簡單的符號。
Classroom Activity 2 · 課堂活動二
Treasure Hunt by Paces 用步數尋寶
You need · 準備材料
- A measuring tape一捲捲尺
- A simple map of the playground drawn by the teacher, with a north arrow老師畫的操場簡圖，上面有北方箭頭
- A small object to hide, such as a beanbag一個要藏起來的小東西，例如沙包
Steps · 步驟
- Measure 10 meters with the tape. Walk it normally and count your steps. Divide 10 by your number of steps to find the length of one of your paces.用捲尺量出 10 公尺，用平常的步伐走過去，數一數走了幾步。10 除以步數，就是你一步的長度。
- One team hides the object and writes directions using the map: “From the flagpole, walk 30 paces north, then 12 paces east.”一組把東西藏起來，對著地圖寫下指示：「從旗桿出發，往北走 30 步，再往東走 12 步。」
- Mark the hiding place on the map with a symbol and add it to the legend.在地圖上用一個符號標出藏東西的地方，並加進圖例。
- Another team follows the directions to find it. Did their paces match yours?另一組照著指示去找。他們的步數和你們的對得上嗎？
- Rewrite the directions in meters instead of paces. Which version works for everyone?把指示改寫成公尺，而不是步數。哪一種寫法每個人都能用？
Paces are a scale that changes from person to person. Meters are the same for everyone, which is why maps use them.
步數是一種因人而異的「比例尺」；公尺對每個人都一樣，所以地圖用公尺。
Go Further · 延伸閱讀
The rest of Unit 1, and what comes next 單元一的其他課，以及下一課
Geography · Lesson 1 · 地理・第一課Why Is Every Flat Map Wrong?為什麼每一張平面地圖都是「錯」的？A small town map hardly needs a projection, but a world map does, and its scale changes from place to place.小鎮的地圖幾乎不用管投影，世界地圖就要了，而且它的比例尺每個地方都不一樣。Go to the lesson · 前往這一課 →Geography · Lesson 2 · 地理・第二課How Do You Find Any Place on Earth?怎麼找到地球上任何一個地方？On a globe, north is always along a line of longitude, toward the North Pole.在地球儀上，北方永遠是沿著經線、朝北極的方向。Go to the lesson · 前往這一課 →Geography · Lesson 3 · 地理・第三課How Do You Draw a Mountain on Flat Paper?怎麼在平面上畫出一座山？The thin brown lines on today's map are contour lines. That lesson shows how to read them.今天這張地圖上細細的褐色線就是等高線，那一課教你怎麼讀。Go to the lesson · 前往這一課 →Geography · Lesson 5 · 地理・第五課Why Is It Night in New York When It Is Day in Taipei?台北是白天，紐約為什麼是晚上？Unit 2 begins with time zones: the Earth turns, and the time of day travels around it.單元二從時區開始：地球在轉，一天的時間跟著繞地球一圈。Go to the lesson · 前往這一課 →
Sources · 資料出處
Names, dates, numbers, and quotations on this page were checked against these sources (October 2026). The island, the town, its distances and directions, and the answers to the game are made and computed by the page itself and tested automatically · 本頁的人名、年代、數字與引文依下列資料查證（2026 年 10 月）；小島、小鎮、距離、方位與小遊戲的答案都由頁面自己產生與計算，並有自動測試
- “Scale is the relationship between distance on the map and distance on the ground”; “the larger the second number is, the smaller the scale of the map”; small-scale maps (1:250,000 and smaller) show large areas.比例尺是地圖距離和地面距離的關係；第二個數字越大，比例尺越小；1:250,000 以下是小比例尺U.S. Geological Survey, Fact Sheet 015-02, “Map Scales” (2002) ↗
- At 1:25,000, “every 1cm on the map represents 25 000 … on the ground (for example, 25 000cm = 250 metres)”; Ordnance Survey maps are printed with north at the top; measure with string against the scale bar.1:25,000 地圖上 1 公分＝地面 250 公尺；英國地形測量局的地圖北方在上；用繩子對著比例尺量Ordnance Survey, “Map reading made easy” ↗
- On maps reduced or enlarged by photocopying, the original ratio and written scales are incorrect, but a graphic scale enlarged or reduced with the map “is still correct.”影印放大或縮小後，數字與文字比例尺不再正確，圖形比例尺仍然正確Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media, George Mason University, “Does Scale Make a Difference?” ↗
- A legend, “sometimes called a ‘key,’” lists a map's symbols, lines, and colors; a compass rose or an arrow shows direction.圖例（key）列出地圖的符號、線條和顏色；指北的箭頭或羅盤分劃圖表示方位National Geographic Education, “Map” ↗
- “Students may have the misconception that north is always at the ‘top.’”學生常誤以為北方一定在地圖上方National Geographic Education, “Cardinal Directions and Maps” ↗
- Cardinal directions and the intermediate points such as northeast and southeast.四個主要方位與東北、東南等中間方位Royal Geographical Society, “A 60 Second Guide to Direction and Bearings” ↗
- The 1532 Mappamundi of Isidore of Seville has an east-up orientation from the “T-in-O” tradition; north-up likely came from the direction of Polaris and, after 1450, the use of the compass.1532 年的世界地圖上方是東方；北方在上可能源自北極星與 1450 年後羅盤的普及Newberry Library, “The Occidental Tourist: 500 Years of Orienting Maps” ↗
- Taiwan 1:25,000 topographic map legend (school: a small flag; harbor: an anchor; lighthouse) and declination diagram (2020: 4°44′ between grid north and magnetic north, World Magnetic Model 2020).經建版地形圖圖例（學校、商港漁港、燈塔）與偏角圖（民國 109 年方格北與磁北夾角 4°44′，WMM 2020）內政部國土測繪中心〈114 年度臺灣地區經建版地形圖製圖作業工作總報告書〉圖 7、圖 8 ↗
- True north, grid north, and magnetic north on topographic maps.地形圖上的真北、方格北與磁北U.S. Geological Survey FAQ, “What do the different north arrows on a USGS topographic map mean?” ↗
- Magnetic declination is “the angle between magnetic north and true north” and changes with place and time; for Taipei on October 16, 2026, the World Magnetic Model gives about 5.06° west.磁偏角是磁北與真北的夾角，隨地點與時間改變；2026 年 10 月 16 日台北約為西偏 5.06 度（WMM 2025）NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Magnetic Field Calculators ↗
- The U.S. Geological Survey's map symbol booklet combines “School; house of worship” in one symbol.美國地質調查所的地圖符號手冊裡，學校與教堂共用一個符號U.S. Geological Survey, Topographic Map Symbols ↗
- Chinese terms: 比例尺 (scale), 分數比例尺 (representative fraction), 圖形比例尺 (graphic scale), 圖例 (legend), 方位 (orientation), 指北標 (north arrow), 真北, 磁北, 方格北, 磁偏角, 大比例尺地圖, 小比例尺地圖, 地圖符號.中文名詞依國家教育研究院樂詞網（地理學名詞、測繪學名詞、地理資訊系統名詞）國家教育研究院 樂詞網 ↗
- Curriculum entries 數 S-6-2 (grade 6 mathematics), 地 Ac-Ⅴ-1, 地 Ac-Ⅴ-3.課綱條目 數 S-6-2（數學領域）、地 Ac-Ⅴ-1、地 Ac-Ⅴ-3（社會領域）十二年國民基本教育課程綱要 數學領域、社會領域（教育部，民國 107 年） ↗