一 · one一：數字一
One line that has everything: a silkworm head at the start and a swallow tail at the end. In seal script it is just an even line.
一條線就有全部：起筆是蠶頭，收筆是燕尾。它的小篆只是一條粗細一樣的線。
Chinese Calligraphy · Unit 2 · Lesson 6 · 書法 單元二 第六課
Why Does Clerical Script Have Silkworm Heads and Swallow Tails?隸書：為什麼是蠶頭燕尾？
Clerical script made writing quicker: curves became straight lines, tall shapes became flat, and one stroke in each character got a head like a silkworm's and a tail like a swallow's. Watch a 3D brush write that stroke part by part, see seal script turn into clerical script, and unroll a scroll of bamboo slips.
隸書讓寫字變快了：彎彎的線變直、長長的字形變扁，每個字有一筆起筆像蠶頭、收筆像燕尾。看 3D 毛筆一段一段寫出這一筆，看小篆變成隸書，再攤開一卷竹簡。
Big idea · 一句話看懂
Clerical script is a simpler form of seal script, made to be quick to write. It began in the Qin dynasty and was the common script of the Han dynasty. Its shapes are flat and wide, its curves have become straight lines and turns, and its long horizontal stroke begins like a silkworm's head and ends like a swallow's tail.
隸書是篆書的簡化體，為了寫得快而出現。它創始於秦、通行於漢。字形扁而寬，彎曲的線變成直線和轉折；長長的橫畫，起筆像蠶頭、收筆像燕尾。
3D Model · 3D 模型
One Stroke, One Change, One Scroll 一筆、一變、一卷
Drag to turn, and scroll or pinch to zoom. Watch the brush write the long horizontal stroke, and replay its head, middle, and tail in slow motion. Then choose The change to see seal script turn into clerical script, or Bamboo slips to unroll a scroll and write on it.
拖曳可以旋轉，滾輪或雙指可以縮放。看毛筆寫出長長的橫畫，蠶頭、行筆、燕尾三段都能慢動作重播。再選「隸變」看小篆變成隸書，或選「竹簡」攤開一卷竹簡、在上面寫字。
Drag to turn · 拖曳旋轉 Scroll or pinch to zoom · 滾輪／雙指縮放
This 3D model needs WebGL, which this browser does not support. The reading, the before-and-after slider, the game, and the practice pad below still work.
這個瀏覽器不支援 WebGL，無法顯示 3D 模型；下方的課文、前後對照、小遊戲和練字板一樣能用。
- Faint blue lines: the same character in small seal script
淡藍色的線：同一個字的小篆 - Bamboo slips tied with two cords
用兩道繩子編起來的竹簡 - Yellow labels: names of the parts
黃色標籤：各部分的名稱 - Red lines: the 米 grid
紅線：米字格
A teaching model, not to scale: the slips and the characters on them are enlarged. The clerical characters are our own sketches in the style of Han clerical script, with one swallow tail in each character; the stroke order follows today's regular script.
這是教學用的示意模型，不照實際比例：竹簡和上面的字都放大了。隸書的字是我們照漢代隸書的典型寫法自己畫的示意，每個字只有一個燕尾；筆順照今天楷書的筆順。
Model, stroke data, and the writing engine are drawn and programmed by My Culture Connect. The seal-script forms are our own tracings over public domain reference glyphs (Wikimedia Commons, Ancient Chinese Characters Project). · 模型、筆畫資料與寫字引擎由人師教育協會自繪、自寫；小篆是對著 Wikimedia Commons 公有領域的參考字形自己描的。
Reading · 英文閱讀
6
Unit 6: Why Does Clerical Script Have Silkworm Heads and Swallow Tails?
Small seal script looks neat, with smooth, even lines, but it takes time to write. Xu Shen, a scholar of the Han dynasty, wrote that in the Qin dynasty the government offices and prisons had so much work that a new kind of writing appeared to make things quick and simple. That writing was clerical script.
小篆看起來很整齊，線條圓滑、粗細一樣，可是寫起來很花時間。東漢學者許慎說，秦代官府和監獄的事務太多了，於是出現一種新的字體，讓書寫又快又簡單——那就是隸書。
Clerical script changed the shapes of characters. Round turns became square corners. Long curves became straight lines. Characters that stood tall in seal script became flat and wide. This change is called libian (隸變), and after it, characters began to look like the ones we write today.
隸書改變了字的樣子：圓圓的轉彎變成方方的轉角，長長的彎線變成直線，小篆裡高高的字形變得又扁又寬。這個變化叫做「隸變」；隸變之後，漢字開始像我們今天寫的樣子。
The most famous clerical stroke is the long horizontal line. It starts with a silkworm head: the brush touches down moving backward, then turns and travels to the right, so the start looks round. It ends with a swallow tail: the brush presses down, then lifts as it flicks up to the right.
隸書最有名的一筆是長長的橫畫。起筆是「蠶頭」：筆尖先逆著入紙，再回過頭往右走，所以起筆是圓的。收筆是「燕尾」：毛筆先往下按，再一邊提起、一邊往右上挑出去。
A clerical character usually has only one swallow tail. Look at 三: only the long bottom line has a tail, and the two lines above end round. Later calligraphers summed up this habit in a saying: wild geese do not fly in pairs, and a silkworm head is not set down twice.
一個隸書字通常只有一個燕尾。看看「三」：只有最下面那條長橫有燕尾，上面兩條的收筆都是圓的。後來的書法家把這個習慣說成一句口訣：「雁不雙飛，蠶不二設」（燕尾也叫雁尾）。
Clerical script was the common script of the Han dynasty. People wrote it with a brush on narrow slips of bamboo and wood, and tied the slips together with cords to make a book. More than 10,000 Han dynasty slips were found near Juyan, on the northwest frontier, in 1930 and 1931. Today they are kept at Academia Sinica in Taipei.
隸書是漢代通行的字體。人們用毛筆把字寫在窄窄的竹片和木片上，再用繩子編成一冊。1930 到 1931 年，西北邊疆的居延附近出土了一萬多枚漢代的簡，現在收藏在台北的中央研究院。
In this lesson, replay the three parts of the long horizontal stroke in 3D, watch seal script change into clerical script, and unroll a scroll of bamboo slips. Then drag the line between the two scripts, find the swallow tails, and trace the strokes yourself.
這一課，在 3D 裡分三段重播長橫，看小篆變成隸書，再攤開一卷竹簡。接著拖動兩種字體之間的那條線、找出燕尾，再自己描寫看看。
Read aloud · 課文朗讀
Questions · 閱讀理解
According to Xu Shen, why did clerical script appear in the Qin dynasty?
The government offices and prisons had so much work that people needed a way to write that was quick and simple.
How does the brush make a silkworm head and a swallow tail?
For the head, the brush touches down moving backward, then turns and goes right. For the tail, it presses down, then lifts as it flicks up to the right.
In the clerical character 三, which line has the swallow tail?
Only the long bottom line. The two lines above end round.
Words & Phrases · 生字及片語
official(n.)官員A city official checked the new bridge.一位市府官員檢查了新橋。simplify(v.)簡化The teacher simplified the rules so everyone could play.老師把規則簡化，讓每個人都能玩。flat(adj.)扁的；平的A pancake is round and flat.鬆餅又圓又扁。corner(n.)角；轉角The cat sleeps in the corner of the room.貓睡在房間的角落。flick(v.)輕彈；挑She flicked a crumb off the table.她把桌上的麵包屑輕輕彈掉。slip(n.)細長的片；簡He wrote his name on a slip of paper.他把名字寫在一張小紙條上。scroll(n.)卷軸；一卷The map was rolled up like a scroll.那張地圖像卷軸一樣捲起來。frontier(n.)邊疆；邊境Soldiers guarded the frontier of the country.士兵守衛國家的邊疆。
Quick Check · 小測驗
1. In which dynasty did clerical script begin?
2. Which way does the brush move first to make a silkworm head?
3. How many swallow tails does a clerical character usually have?
4. What did people in the Han dynasty often write on?
5. What happened to the tall shapes of seal script in clerical script?
Six Characters · 六個隸書字
One swallow tail in each 每個字一個燕尾
The red stroke in each picture is the one with the swallow tail. Tap Watch it in 3D to see the brush write the character over its seal-script form.
每張小圖裡紅色的那一筆，就是有燕尾的那一筆。點「在模型中看」，看毛筆在小篆上面寫出這個字。
三 · three三：數字三
Three lines, but only the long bottom line gets the swallow tail. The two short lines end round. In seal script, all three lines are the same length.
三條橫線，只有最下面那條長的有燕尾，上面兩條短的收筆是圓的。它的小篆三條線一樣長。
土 · earth土：泥土
Two horizontals and a vertical. The tail belongs to the long bottom line, and the tall seal-script shape has become low and wide.
兩橫一豎，燕尾在最下面那條長橫；小篆高高的字形，變得又矮又寬。
山 · mountain山：高山
The curved base of the seal form, shaped like a bowl, has become a straight line with a square corner, and it ends in the tail.
小篆像碗一樣彎彎的底，變成一條直線和一個方方的轉角，最後帶出燕尾。
人 · person人：一個人
With no long horizontal, the right-falling stroke carries the tail. The curving seal form has become two plain strokes.
沒有長橫的字，燕尾就在捺上。小篆彎彎的線條，變成簡單的兩筆。
水 · water水：流水
The five curving lines of the seal form have become four strokes of straight lines and turns. The last, right-falling stroke carries the tail.
小篆的五條彎線，變成四筆直線和轉折；最後一筆捺帶著燕尾。
Before and After · 前後對照
Drag the line: seal script to clerical script 拖動分隔線：從小篆到隸書
Left of the gold line is small seal script; right of it is clerical script. Drag the line, or move the slider, to compare the same character before and after the change.
金色的線左邊是小篆，右邊是隸書。拖動那條線（或拉滑桿），比一比同一個字變化前後的樣子。
Character · 字
The ratio compares height with width in our own drawings. · 這個比例是用我們畫的字算的（高 ÷ 寬）。
Game · 小遊戲
Find the Swallow Tail 找燕尾
Each clerical character here has exactly one swallow tail. Tap the stroke that has it.
這裡每個隸書字都正好有一個燕尾。點一下有燕尾的那一筆。
Right on the first try一次就點對0 / 6
Practice Pad · 練字板
Trace clerical script 描寫隸書
Choose a character and trace it. On the pad, slow means thick and fast means thin: slow down for the head, slow down again to press before the tail, then speed up as you flick up to the right.
選一個字描寫看看。在練字板上，慢就粗、快就細：寫蠶頭時慢一點，燕尾前再慢下來「按」一下，往右上挑出去的時候加快。
Character · 範字
Mouse or finger: slow = thick, fast = thin滑鼠或手指：寫得慢＝粗、寫得快＝細Stylus: press harder for a thicker line觸控筆：越用力線越粗
- For the head, start a little to the right, move left, then turn and go right.寫蠶頭：從右邊一點的地方下筆，先往左，再回頭往右走。
- For the tail, press, then flick up to the right and lift.寫燕尾：先按，再往右上挑、提起來。
- In 三, only the bottom line gets a tail.寫「三」：只有最下面那一橫有燕尾。
Your press-and-lift curve · 你的提按曲線
Demo · 示範 You · 你
Stories of Clerical Script · 隸書的故事
Busy offices, slips from a tomb, slips from the frontier, and a famous stone 忙碌的官府、秦墓裡的竹簡、邊疆的木簡，和一塊有名的石碑
Four short stories about where clerical script came from and where we can still see it.
關於隸書從哪裡來、今天在哪裡還看得到的四個小故事。
Why It Began · 由來
Too much work, not enough time事情太多，來不及寫
Xu Shen wrote that in the Qin dynasty the offices and prisons had so much work that clerical script appeared, to make writing quick and simple. A later history, the Book of Jin, says that seal script was hard to finish, so lowly clerks were told to help with the writing, and the script was named after them. It adds that clerical script is the quick form of seal script.
許慎說，秦代「官獄職務繁，初有隸書，以趣約易」：官府和監獄的事情太多，才有了寫起來又快又簡單的隸書。《晉書》說，篆字難成，於是「令隸人佐書，曰隸字」——讓地位低的小吏幫忙抄寫，所以叫隸書；又說「隸書者，篆之捷也」，隸書就是寫得快的篆書。
Older Than the Story · 更早的隸書
Slips from a Qin tomb秦墓裡的竹簡
A famous story says a prisoner named Cheng Miao invented clerical script for the First Emperor. But even the old histories begin that story with “some say.” In 1975, 1,155 bamboo slips were found in a Qin tomb at Shuihudi in Yunmeng, Hubei. They were written by Qin people around the time China was united, in an early clerical script that still looks a little like seal script. Clerical script grew little by little.
有個有名的故事說，囚犯程邈為秦始皇創造了隸書；不過連古代的史書講這個故事時，都先說「或曰」（有人說）。1975 年，湖北雲夢睡虎地的秦墓出土了 1,155 枚竹簡，是秦統一六國前後秦人的墨跡，用早期的隸書（秦隸）書寫，結構還帶著篆書的樣子。可見隸書是一點一點慢慢形成的。
Taiwan · 台灣
Slips from the frontier, kept in Taipei台北的居延漢簡
In 1930 and 1931, an expedition found more than 10,000 Han dynasty slips near Juyan, on the northwest frontier: soldiers' reports, lists, and writing practice, most of them in clerical script. During the war years they were moved to Hong Kong and then to the Library of Congress in the United States, and in November 1965 they arrived in Taiwan. Academia Sinica's museum in Taipei shows more than 200 of them, including a national treasure: a book of 77 wooden slips from the years 93 to 95, still tied together with its cords.
1930 到 1931 年，西北科學考察團在西北邊疆的居延附近發現一萬多枚漢代的簡：士兵的報告、名冊和練字的簡，大量使用隸書。戰爭期間，這批簡先運到香港，再運到美國國會圖書館保存，1965 年 11 月運抵台灣。位在台北的中央研究院歷史文物陳列館展出其中兩百多支，包括一件國寶：東漢永元五年到七年（西元 93–95 年）的一份簡冊，77 支木簡還用編繩連在一起。
A Model for Learners · 範本
The Cao Quan Stele曹全碑
The Cao Quan Stele is a stone tablet carved in clerical script in the year 185, in the Eastern Han dynasty. It was dug up many centuries later, in the Wanli years of the Ming dynasty, and now stands in the Forest of Steles in Xi'an. The Ministry of Education's dictionary calls its writing graceful and strong, and many people who learn clerical script use it as their model. The National Palace Museum in Taipei has an ink rubbing of it.
曹全碑是東漢中平二年（西元 185 年）的隸書碑刻，到明朝萬曆年間才出土，現在存放在西安碑林。教育部辭典說它「書法秀麗而有骨力，學習隸書者，多用為範本」。台北的國立故宮博物院藏有它的墨拓本。
Myth vs. Fact · 常見迷思
Four things people get wrong 四個常見的誤會
✗ Myth · 迷思Clerical script is older than seal script.隸書比篆書古老。
✓ Fact · 事實It is the other way around. Clerical script is a simpler form of seal script. It began in the Qin dynasty and was common in the Han and Wei dynasties.正好相反。隸書是篆書的簡化體，創始於秦，通行於漢、魏。
✗ Myth · 迷思Every horizontal line in clerical script has a swallow tail.隸書的每一條橫線都有燕尾。
✓ Fact · 事實Usually only one stroke in a character has it. In 三, the two short lines end round, and only the bottom line flicks up.通常一個字只有一筆有燕尾。「三」上面兩條短橫收筆是圓的，只有最下面那條往上挑。
✗ Myth · 迷思To make a silkworm head, you draw a little circle.蠶頭是畫一個小圓圈畫出來的。
✓ Fact · 事實The brush does not draw a circle. It touches down moving backward, then turns and goes right. The turn is hidden inside the stroke, and that makes the start look round.毛筆不是畫圓圈，而是先逆著入紙、再回頭往右走。回鋒藏在筆畫裡面，起筆才看起來圓圓的。
✗ Myth · 迷思One man invented clerical script in prison.隸書是一個人在監獄裡發明的。
✓ Fact · 事實That is the old story about Cheng Miao, and even old histories tell it with “some say.” Bamboo slips found at Shuihudi in 1975 show an early clerical script already in use around the time China was united. It grew over many years, in many hands.那是關於程邈的老故事，連古代史書都用「或曰」來講。1975 年睡虎地出土的竹簡顯示，秦統一前後就有人用早期的隸書寫字了。隸書是很多人、很多年慢慢寫出來的。
Remember It · 記憶口訣
Clerical script in a sentence 一句話記住隸書
Head round, tail up蠶頭燕尾
Start with a round head; end with a flick up to the right.
起筆圓圓的，收筆往右上挑。
Go left to go right先往左，再往右
The brush goes in backward, then turns.
筆尖逆著入紙，再回頭往右走。
One tail for each character雁不雙飛
Wild geese do not fly in pairs: one flicked tail is enough.
一個字只放一個燕尾（雁尾）。
Seal is tall, clerical is flat篆書長，隸書扁
Round turns become square corners.
圓轉變成方折。
In the Classroom · 教室提醒
Before you pick up a brush 拿起毛筆之前
- Ink stains clothes and is very hard to wash out. Wear old clothes or an apron, and roll up your sleeves.墨沾到衣服很難洗掉：穿舊衣服或圍裙，袖子捲起來。
- Cover the desk with old newspaper, and keep the ink in a heavy, steady dish so it will not tip over.桌上先鋪舊報紙；墨要裝在重一點、放得穩的碟子裡，免得打翻。
- Press gently. Crushing the brush against the paper squashes the hairs and can split or break them.輕輕地按就好：把筆用力壓在紙上，筆毛會擠扁，也可能分岔或折斷。
- Do not put the brush, the ink, or the ink stick in your mouth, and do not lick the brush tip to shape it.毛筆、墨汁、墨條都不要放進嘴裡，也不要用嘴巴舔筆尖。
- After writing, wash the brush in clean water until the water runs clear, gently shape it into a point, and hang it tip-down or lay it flat to dry. Wash your hands, too.寫完後用清水洗筆，洗到水變清為止；輕輕把筆毛理成尖形，筆尖朝下掛起來或平放晾乾。也要洗手。
Classroom Activity 1 · 課堂活動一
Heads and Tails with Water 清水練蠶頭燕尾
You need · 準備材料
- A brush and a cup of clean water for each student每人一枝毛筆、一杯清水
- Old newspaper, or a small blackboard舊報紙，或一塊小黑板
Steps · 步驟
- Say the five moves out loud: left, turn, go, press, flick.先大聲唸五個動作：往左、回頭、走、按、挑。
- Write a long horizontal line with water, saying each move as you do it.用清水寫一條長橫，邊寫邊唸每一個動作。
- Look quickly before the water dries: is the head round? Does the tail point up to the right?趁水還沒乾趕快看：頭是圓的嗎？尾巴有沒有往右上翹？
- Now write 三. Remember: only the bottom line gets a tail.接著寫「三」。記得：只有最下面那一橫有燕尾。
Water costs nothing and leaves no stain, so students can try the same stroke twenty times.
清水不用錢、也不會弄髒，同一筆可以練二十次。
Classroom Activity 2 · 課堂活動二
Make a Scroll of Slips 做一卷竹簡
You need · 準備材料
- Eight to ten craft sticks, or strips of thick paper, for each student每人八到十根冰棒棍，或一樣大小的厚紙條
- Two pieces of string, each about as long as your arm兩條繩子，每條大約一隻手臂長
- A marker or a small brush一枝麥克筆或小毛筆
Steps · 步驟
- Lay the sticks side by side. Tie them together with the two strings, one near the top and one near the bottom, weaving over and under.把冰棒棍一根根並排，用兩條繩子一上一下穿過去綁好：一條靠近上面，一條靠近下面。
- Write one character on each stick from top to bottom, starting with the stick on the right.從最右邊那一根開始，在每一根上由上往下寫字。
- Roll up your scroll, then unroll it and read it to a classmate.把竹簡捲起來，再攤開唸給同學聽。
- Look at the character 冊. Can you see the slips and the two cords?看看「冊」這個字：看得出竹片和兩道繩子嗎？
Writing from the right-hand stick first follows the old way of reading: top to bottom, right to left.
從最右邊那一根寫起，是照古書的讀法：由上到下、由右到左。
Before and Next · 上一課與下一課
From seal script to regular script 從篆書到楷書
Lesson 5 · 第五課Where Did Chinese Characters Come From?漢字從哪裡來？甲骨文到篆書Oracle bone script, bronze script, and small seal script: the forms that came before clerical script.甲骨文、金文、小篆：隸書之前的字體。Go to the lesson · 前往這一課 →Next Lesson · Lesson 7 · 下一課・第七課Regular, Running, Cursive: How Fast Can You Write?楷書、行書、草書：同一個字，三種速度Regular script grew out of clerical script and dropped the flicked tail. Then writers went faster: strokes joined in running script and flew in cursive script.楷書由隸書演變而來，少了往上挑的尾巴。接著越寫越快：行書把筆畫連起來，草書寫得像在飛。Go to the lesson · 前往這一課 →
Sources · 資料出處
Dates, names, places, and facts on this page were checked against these sources (October 2026). · 本頁的年代、人名、地名與事實依下列資料查證（2026 年 10 月）。
- Clerical script: a simpler form of seal script, begun in the Qin and common in the Han and Wei; the horizontal stroke starts like a silkworm's head and ends like a wild goose's tail隸書：篆書的簡化體，創始於秦，通行於漢、魏；橫畫起筆回鋒如蠶頭，收筆頓筆挑起如雁尾教育部《重編國語辭典修訂本》「隸書」 ↗
- 蠶頭雁尾: the start turns back and swells like a silkworm's head; the end presses and flicks up like a wild goose's tail蠶頭雁尾：橫畫起筆回鋒，隆起如蠶頭之形；收筆頓筆挑起，具雁尾之狀教育部《重編國語辭典修訂本》「蠶頭雁尾」 ↗
- Libian: the process of rewriting seal script as clerical script隸變：文字學上指篆書改寫成隸書的經過教育部《重編國語辭典修訂本》「隸變」 ↗
- Shuowen postface: in the Qin, office and prison work was heavy, so clerical script first appeared, to be quick and simple《說文解字．敘》：「官獄職務繁，初有隸書，以趣約易」維基文庫《說文解字》卷十五 ↗
- Cheng Miao: a jailer imprisoned at Yunyang who simplified small seal script; the First Emperor pardoned him and named the writing clerical script程邈：嘗為縣獄吏，因獲罪幽繫於雲陽，在獄中省改小篆，創新體，始皇善之而赦其罪，名其書為隸書教育部《重編國語辭典修訂本》「程邈」 ↗
- Regular script: grew out of clerical script; the main difference is leaving out the flick at the end楷書：由隸書演變而來，與隸書的主要區別為省略尾部的挑筆教育部《重編國語辭典修訂本》「楷書」 ↗
- Book of Jin, biography of Wei Heng: seal script was hard to finish, so clerks (隸人) were told to help write; “clerical script is the quick form of seal script”; the Cheng Miao story introduced with “some say” (或曰)《晉書．衛恆傳》：「篆字難成，即令隸人佐書，曰隸字」「隸書者，篆之捷也」；程邈的故事以「或曰」帶出維基文庫《晉書》卷三十六 ↗
- Shuihudi Qin slips: bamboo slips unearthed in 1975 at Yunmeng, Hubei; written by Qin people around the unification, in Qin clerical script that still keeps the feel of seal script睡虎地秦簡：民國六十四年於湖北省雲夢出土的竹簡，約為秦始皇統一六國前後之秦人墨跡，用秦隸書寫，稍具波磔，結構仍存篆意教育部《重編國語辭典修訂本》「睡虎地秦簡」 ↗
- Shuihudi: found in December 1975 in tomb no. 11; 1,155 slips after sorting (interview with the Hubei Provincial Museum, June 24, 2024)睡虎地 11 號墓 1975 年 12 月出土，經整理共 1,155 枚（湖北省博物館受訪，2024 年 6 月 24 日）中國新聞社（2024） ↗
- The saying 雁不雙飛，蠶不二設 (a later teaching formula; found in a 19th-century text)「蚕頭鴈尾。鴈不雙飛。蚕不二設。」（後人的口訣；見十九世紀朝鮮李裕元〈書家正派說〉）維基文庫《嘉梧藁略》冊十一 ↗
- Han slips: the largest group was found by the Northwest Scientific Expedition near Juyan in 1930 (Juyan Han slips)漢簡：以西北科學考察團於民國十九年在居延附近所發現者為最多，稱為「居延漢簡」教育部《重編國語辭典修訂本》「漢簡」 ↗
- Juyan Han slips: more than 200 slips on display; Juyan was on the northwest frontier of the Han, guarded by soldiers; items include reports, registers, practice slips, cords, and a brush居延漢簡：展出 200 餘支；居延位於漢代的西北邊境，派兵屯田戍衛；展品有報告、名籍、習字簡、繩、毛筆中研院史語所歷史文物陳列館〈居延漢簡〉 ↗
- Juyan Han slips: excavated in 1930–1931 by Folke Bergman and others; more than 11,000 pieces; records of soldiers and residents from the mid Western Han to the early Eastern Han居延漢簡：1930–1931 年貝格曼等人發掘，約 11,000 餘枚；西漢中晚期到東漢初期當地軍民的紀錄中研院史語所「漢代簡牘數位典藏」說明 ↗
- The slips' journey: Hong Kong after 1937, shipped to the United States in August 1940 and kept at the Library of Congress, arrived in Taiwan on November 23, 1965 (Kao Chen-huan, 2024)漢簡的旅程：1937 年後到香港，1940 年 8 月運往美國國會圖書館，1965 年 11 月 23 日抵達臺灣（高震寰，2024）中研院史語所九十五週年文集 ↗
- Juyan slips use clerical script in great numbers, with some cursive and a little seal script居延出土的簡牘除了大量使用隸書，也用草書和少量篆書中研院史語所歷史文物陳列館（2012–2015 展覽） ↗
- A national treasure: the most complete Han slip book found so far, 77 slips joined by cords, dated 93–95 CE國寶〈廣地南部永元五年至七年官兵釜磑月言及四時簿〉：迄今保存最完整的漢代簡冊，編繩編連七十七支簡，西元 93–95 年中研院史語所歷史文物陳列館 ↗
- Frontier slips were mostly poplar, tamarisk, and pine, with a little bamboo; single slips were bound into scrolls to hold longer writing邊塞漢簡的主要原料是胡楊木、紅柳和松木等，還有少數的竹；編聯成簡冊可以書寫更完整的內容中研院史語所歷史文物陳列館〈從原料、編寫到再利用──邊塞漢簡的生命史〉（2023 年起展出） ↗
- Bamboo slips: before paper was invented, bamboo was cut into slips to write on; “自古書契多編以竹簡” (Hou Hanshu)竹簡：古代紙未發明前，將竹剖削成片，在上面刻寫文字；《後漢書．蔡倫傳》：「自古書契多編以竹簡」教育部《重編國語辭典修訂本》「竹簡」 ↗
- Shuowen on 冊: slips of different lengths with two cords through them《說文解字》「冊」：象其札一長一短，中有二編之形維基文庫《說文解字》卷二 ↗
- Cao Quan Stele: a Han clerical-script stele, unearthed in the Wanli era of the Ming; often used as a model by learners曹全碑：漢朝隸書的碑刻，明萬曆年間始出土；書法秀麗而有骨力，學習隸書者多用為範本教育部《重編國語辭典修訂本》「曹全碑」 ↗
- Cao Quan Stele: Eastern Han, 185 CE (second year of Zhongping); unearthed in the Wanli era; now in the Forest of Steles, Xi'an曹全碑：東漢中平二年十月（185 A.D.）；明萬曆年間出土，現存陝西西安碑林中研院史語所歷史文物陳列館〈豐碑拓片〉 ↗
- Ink rubbing of the Cao Quan Stele in the National Palace Museum, Taipei國立故宮博物院藏〈漢曹全碑墨拓本〉國立故宮博物院典藏資料檢索 ↗
- Stroke order used for the clerical drawings (today's regular-script order): 一, 三, 土, 山, 人, 水隸書示意字採用的筆順（今天楷書的筆順）：一、三、土、山、人、水教育部《國字標準字體筆順學習網》 ↗
- Reference glyphs for tracing the seal-script forms (public domain)小篆描線的對位參考字形（公有領域）Wikimedia Commons, Ancient Chinese Characters Project ↗