Light touch, heavy touch輕輕畫，重重畫
The same path is drawn twice at about the same speed. Only the pressure changes, and the line goes from thin to wide.
同一條路徑，用差不多的速度畫兩次，只有力道不同；線就從細變成寬。
Art · Unit 1 · Lesson 4 · 美術 單元一 第四課
What Can a Line Say?一條線可以說什麼？
Watch one line drawn five ways: light, heavy, fast, shaky, and thick to thin. Then draw on the pad with a mouse, a finger, or a pen, and read what your own line shows about how you made it.
看同一條線用五種方式畫出來：輕、重、快、抖動、由粗到細。再用滑鼠、手指或觸控筆在畫板上畫，讀讀你自己的線透露了哪些畫法。
Big idea · 一句話看懂
A line is the path of a moving point, and it keeps a record of that movement. Its width shows how hard the tool was pressed. Its edge shows how steady the hand was. Its direction leads the eye. So a line does more than mark the edge of a shape. It also shows how it was made.
線是一個點移動時走過的路，而且把這段移動記錄了下來。線的粗細看得出下筆多重，邊緣看得出手穩不穩，方向則帶著眼睛走。所以線不只是標出形狀的邊緣，也讓人看出它是怎麼畫出來的。
Model · 模型
One Line, Five Ways, and a Drawing Pad 同一條線的五種畫法，和一塊畫板
On the left, choose one of five ways to draw the same wavy line and watch it drawn at its real speed. The numbers under it give its length, time, speed, and width. On the right is a drawing pad. Draw with a mouse, a finger, or a pen. A pale tree is there to trace if you like. After each stroke, the page tells you in words how long, how fast, and how wide it was.
左邊可以從五種畫法裡選一種，看同一條波浪線照它真實的速度畫出來；下面的數字是它的長度、時間、速度和粗細。右邊是一塊畫板，用滑鼠、手指或觸控筆都能畫；上面有一棵淡淡的樹，可以照著描。每畫完一筆，頁面會用文字告訴你這一筆多長、多快、多粗。
One line, five ways · 同一條線，五種畫法
Your turn · 換你畫
What this model leaves out 這個模型簡化了什麼
- With a mouse or a finger, the pad cannot feel how hard you press. The brush on this page uses speed in its place: a slow stroke is drawn thick and a fast one thin. A pen that senses pressure sets the width by pressure.用滑鼠或手指畫的時候，畫板感覺不到你壓得多重。這一頁的毛筆改用速度代替：畫得慢就畫粗，畫得快就畫細。會感應壓力的觸控筆，則是用壓力決定粗細。
- The gaps in a very fast stroke come from a rule we wrote for this page. With a real brush, such gaps depend on how much ink the brush holds, on the paper, and on the speed together.很快的那一筆上面的空隙，是我們替這一頁寫的規則。真的毛筆會不會出現這種空隙，要同時看筆上有多少墨、紙的性質，還有速度。
- The ink here is one flat black. A real pencil, brush, or crayon also changes in darkness and texture along the line.這裡的墨是均勻的一種黑。真的鉛筆、毛筆或蠟筆，線上的深淺和質感也會跟著變。
- Length, speed, and width are in the pad's own units: the pad is 800 units wide. They are not centimeters.長度、速度和粗細用的是畫板自己的單位（畫板寬 800），不是公分。
So try the same five lines with a real pencil and a real brush. Classroom Activity 1 shows how.所以請拿真的鉛筆和毛筆，把這五種線畫畫看；做法在課堂活動一。
Lines, tree, and drawing pad made for this lesson. The stroke measurements are in shared code that later lessons reuse, and they are covered by automatic tests. · 線條、樹與畫板為本課自行製作；量測筆畫的程式是之後的課共用的，並有自動測試。
Reading · 英文閱讀
4
Unit 4: What Can a Line Say?
About 73,000 years ago, someone picked up a piece of ochre and drew a pattern of crossing lines on a stone. A small flake of that stone was found in a cave in South Africa, and it is the oldest drawing we know of. Nobody can say what the lines meant. But the person who drew them did what every child with a crayon still does: pressed a point against a surface and moved it.
大約七萬三千年前，有人拿起一塊赭石，在石頭上畫了交叉的線條。這塊石頭的一小片，後來在南非的一個洞穴裡被發現，是目前所知最古老的一幅畫。沒有人說得出那些線條的意思。不過畫的人做的事，和今天每個拿著蠟筆的孩子一樣：把一個點壓在一個表面上，然後移動它。
That is all a line is. The Getty Museum's teaching pages describe a line as a path made by a point moving in space. A line can change in width, in direction, and in length, and lines often mark the edges of things. A line that follows the outer edge of a shape is called an outline. Lines that travel along the edges and surfaces of an object, so that it looks solid, are called contour lines.
線就是這麼一回事。蓋蒂博物館的教學資料說，線是一個點在空間中移動所形成的路徑；線的粗細、方向和長短都可以改變，而且線常常標出東西的邊緣。沿著一個形狀外緣走的線，叫做外框線（outline）；沿著物體的邊緣和表面走、讓它看起來有立體感的線，叫做輪廓線（contour line）。
A line also records how it was made. Press harder and the line gets thicker and darker. Hold your hand steady and the edge is clean, and let it tremble and the edge turns rough. Artists call these qualities, thick or thin, hard or soft, dark or light, the line quality. In Chinese painting there is a way of working called baimiao, which uses lines alone, with no color. A skilled painter can show weight, movement, and texture through nothing but the thickness, firmness, and spacing of the lines.
線也記錄了它是怎麼畫出來的。壓得重，線就比較粗、比較黑。手很穩，邊緣就乾淨；手一抖，邊緣就毛毛的。粗或細、硬或軟、深或淺，這些特質合起來，藝術家稱為線的品質（line quality）。國畫裡有一種畫法叫白描，只用線條、不上顏色。功夫純熟的畫家，光靠線條的粗細、剛柔和疏密，就能表現出重量、動態和質感。
Direction matters too. The Getty pages say that horizontal lines suggest rest, because things that lie flat on the ground are at rest. Vertical lines often give a sense of height. Diagonal lines can give a feeling of movement, because a thing that leans looks as if it might fall. Notice the careful words: suggest, often, can. These are habits of seeing that artists use. They are not rules that every picture must follow.
方向也有關係。蓋蒂的資料說，水平線讓人聯想到休息，因為平躺在地上的東西是靜止的；垂直線常常給人高的感覺；斜線則可以帶來動的感覺，因為傾斜的東西看起來好像快要倒下。請注意這些小心的用詞：「聯想到」「常常」「可以」。這些是藝術家運用的觀看習慣，不是每一張圖都必須遵守的規則。
Lines can do two more jobs. They can close up to make shapes. Geometric shapes are the ones with names from math class, such as squares, triangles, and circles. Organic shapes are irregular, like leaves, clouds, and puddles. Lines can also make shading. Many thin parallel lines set close together look like a gray tone from a distance. This is called hatching, and when a second set of lines crosses the first, it is cross-hatching. That is one way to draw the light and shade from Lesson 3.
線還能做另外兩件事。線可以圍起來變成形狀：幾何形是數學課裡有名字的那些，例如正方形、三角形和圓形；有機形（自然的形狀）則是不規則的，像葉子、雲和水窪。線也可以畫出明暗：許多細細的平行線排得很密，從遠處看就像一片灰色。這叫做細線法（hatching）；再加上另一組線和它交叉，就是交叉線法（cross-hatching）。這是畫出第三課那種明暗的一種方法。
In 1925 the painter Paul Klee opened a small book for his students with these words: an active line on a walk, moving freely, without goal. People often shorten this to taking a line for a walk. It is a good way to begin. Put your pencil down, let it travel, and then look at what the line shows. Was it fast or slow? Heavy or light? Sure or unsure? Your line has already said something about you.
1925 年，畫家保羅・克利替學生寫了一本小書，開頭是這樣的：一條主動的線在散步，自由地移動，沒有目的地。大家常把這句話簡化成「帶一條線去散步」。這是很好的起點。把鉛筆放到紙上，讓它走，然後看看這條線透露了什麼：快還是慢？重還是輕？篤定還是猶豫？你的線已經說出了一些關於你的事。
Read aloud · 課文朗讀
Questions · 閱讀理解
Two lines follow exactly the same path, but one is thick and the other is thin. What was different when they were drawn?
The pressure. The thick line was made by pressing harder, or with a wider tool. The path can be the same while the line quality is different.
The Getty pages say horizontal lines “suggest” rest. Why is “suggest” a better word here than “mean”?
Because it is a habit of seeing and not a rule. Many people connect flat lines with things at rest, but a picture can use horizontal lines in other ways, and viewers do not all react alike.
How can lines alone make part of a drawing look gray?
By hatching. Many thin parallel lines set close together look like a gray tone from a distance, and crossing them with more lines makes the tone darker.
Words & Phrases · 生字及片語
path(n.)路徑A line is the path of a moving point.線是一個點移動時走過的路徑。outline(n.)外框線；輪廓Draw the outline of the leaf first.先畫出葉子的外框線。contour(n.)輪廓線Contour lines follow the edges and surfaces of an object.輪廓線沿著物體的邊緣和表面走。pressure(n.)壓力；力道More pressure on the pencil makes a darker line.鉛筆壓得越重，線就越黑。steady(adj.)穩定的A steady hand draws a clean edge.手很穩，畫出來的邊緣就乾淨。diagonal(adj.)斜的；對角的A diagonal line can give a feeling of movement.斜線可以帶來動的感覺。organic(adj.)有機的；自然形態的A cloud has an organic shape.雲是有機形。hatching(n.)細線法（用平行線畫出明暗）She used hatching to shade the dark side of the ball.她用細線法畫出球的暗面。
Quick Check · 小測驗
1. How do the Getty teaching pages describe a line?
2. You press harder on your pencil as you draw. What happens to the line?
3. Which of these is an organic shape?
4. What is hatching?
5. How did Paul Klee's book of 1925 begin?
Try It in the Model · 在模型裡試試
Four things to try 四件值得試的事
Then draw on the pad. Can you draw one line that is thick at the start and thin at the end? Can you draw the tree twice so that it looks calm the first time and windy the second?
然後到畫板上畫。你能畫出一條起頭粗、結尾細的線嗎？同一棵樹畫兩次，能不能讓第一次看起來很平靜，第二次像被風吹著？
A fast line很快的一筆
The whole line is drawn in less than half a second. In this model a stroke that fast leaves gaps. Watch it twice.
整條線不到半秒就畫完了。在這個模型裡，這麼快的一筆會留下空隙。看兩次。
Thick to thin由粗到細
The line starts with heavy pressure and the tool lifts as it goes. You can tell which end was drawn first.
起筆壓得重，一邊走一邊把筆提起來。看得出哪一頭是先畫的。
Steady hand, shaky hand手穩，手抖
First a steady line, then the same line from a hand that trembles. The path is the same and the edge is different.
先是一條穩穩的線，再來是手在抖的時候畫的同一條線。走的路一樣，邊緣卻不同。
Game · 小遊戲
How Was This Line Drawn? 這條線是怎麼畫的？
Six ink lines. For each one, decide whether it was drawn fast or slowly, and with a heavy or a light touch. Width tells you about pressure. Gaps tell you about speed. After you answer, you can watch the line being drawn at its real speed.
六條墨線。每一條都要判斷：畫得快還是慢？下筆重還是輕？粗細看的是力道，空隙看的是速度。答完之後，可以看這條線用真實的速度重畫一次。
Question 1 of 6 · 第 1 題（共 6 題）
Right on the first try · 第一次就答對 0 / 0
The link between gaps and speed is a rule of this page's brush. With a real brush, the amount of ink and the paper matter as well.「有空隙就是畫得快」是這一頁的毛筆的規則。真的毛筆，還要看筆上有多少墨、用的是什麼紙。
Sort Them · 分分看
Geometric or Organic? 幾何形，還是有機形？
A line that closes up makes a shape. Eight dark shapes appear one at a time. Decide whether each is geometric, like the named shapes of math class, or organic, with the irregular curves often found in nature. Each shape has its name under it.
一條線圍起來，就成了形狀。八個深色的形狀會一個一個出現；判斷每一個是幾何形（像數學課裡有名字的形狀），還是有機形（像自然界裡常見的不規則曲線）。每個形狀下面都寫著名稱。
Shape 1 of 8 · 第 1 個（共 8 個）
Right · 答對 0 / 0
The two groups are not perfectly separate. The Getty pages point out that many natural forms have geometric shapes too, and that things people make can imitate organic forms.這兩類並不是截然分開的。蓋蒂的資料也指出：許多自然的形體同樣帶有幾何的形狀，而人做的東西也可以模仿有機形。
Stories Behind the Line · 線條背後的故事
A stone flake, lines without color, flying white, and a line on a walk 一片石頭、不上色的線、飛白，和一條去散步的線
Four short stories about lines that people have drawn and thought about.
關於人畫過、想過的線條的四個小故事。
About 73,000 Years Ago · 大約七萬三千年前
The oldest drawing we know of目前所知最古老的畫
In 2018 researchers reported a cross-hatched pattern drawn with an ochre crayon on a flake of stone. It came from layers about 73,000 years old in Blombos Cave, South Africa. Drawings that show things or patterns were known before this find only from the last 40,000 years. The stone carries a few crossing lines and no picture of anything. Lines came first.
2018 年，研究者發表了一件用赭石「蠟筆」畫在石片上的交叉線圖案，出自南非布隆伯斯洞穴大約七萬三千年前的地層。在這之前，已知的繪畫（不論畫的是東西還是圖案）都只有四萬年以內的。這片石頭上只有幾條交叉的線，沒有畫出任何東西。最先出現的，是線。
Chinese Painting · 國畫
Baimiao: lines and nothing else白描：只有線條
Taiwan's Ministry of Education dictionary defines baimiao as a way of painting that draws things with lines alone and adds no color, used mostly for figures and flowers. An education encyclopedia adds that a skilled painter can show solid form, movement, and texture through the thickness, firmness, curve, and spacing of the lines. Chinese painting and calligraphy also share the same tools: brush and ink.
教育部辭典對「白描」的解釋是：「一種畫法。僅用線條勾描物象，而不著以顏色，多用於人物和花卉的繪畫上。」《教育大辭書》補充：純熟的白描技法，可以藉線條的粗細、剛柔、曲直、疏密等，表現形體的立體感、動態感和質感。國畫和書法用的也是同樣的工具：筆和墨。
Calligraphy · 書法
Flying white飛白
Sometimes a brushstroke has streaks where no ink reached the paper. The Ministry of Education dictionary describes a style of writing named for this look, flying white: strokes with empty, inkless places, as if written with a dry brush. A legend says the Han-dynasty scholar Cai Yong got the idea from watching workmen write with a whitewash broom. The gaps in this page's fast line imitate that look.
有時候一筆畫裡會有幾絲沒沾到墨的空白。教育部辭典記載了一種以此得名的書體「飛白書」：「筆畫中有空白無墨之處，絲絲露白，有如枯筆寫成的模樣。」相傳東漢的蔡邕看見工匠用刷粉的帚寫字，而得到啟發。這一頁那條「很快的線」上的空隙，模仿的就是這種樣子。
1925 · 一九二五年
Klee's line on a walk克利那條去散步的線
Paul Klee taught at the Bauhaus school in Germany. His Pedagogical Sketchbook, published in 1925, begins: “An active line on a walk, moving freely, without goal. A walk for a walk's sake.” The mover, he wrote, is a point that shifts its position forward. The well-known sayings about taking a line for a walk are shortened versions of this opening.
保羅・克利曾在德國的包浩斯學校教書。他 1925 年出版的《教學筆記》（Pedagogical Sketchbook）這樣開頭：「一條主動的線在散步，自由地移動，沒有目的地。為散步而散步。」他寫道，推動這條線的，是一個不斷往前移動的點。大家熟悉的「帶一條線去散步」，是這段開頭的簡化說法。
In the Curriculum · 對應課綱
Where this lesson fits 這一課對應的課綱
The visual arts curriculum names points, lines, and planes directly for grades 3 and 4. The other entries are the closest ones, and their links to this lesson are our reading of them.
視覺藝術課綱在國小三、四年級直接點名了「點線面」。其他幾條是最接近的條目；它們和這一課的連結，是本教材的解讀。
視 E-Ⅱ-3藝術領域・視覺藝術（國小三、四年級） · Arts, visual arts (grades 3–4)
點線面創作體驗、平面與立體創作、聯想創作。
This lesson is about the line, from the point that moves to the shape a line closes.這一課講的就是線：從一個移動的點，到線圍成的面。
視 E-Ⅱ-2藝術領域・視覺藝術（國小三、四年級） · Arts, visual arts (grades 3–4)
媒材、技法及工具知能。
Pencil, marker, and brush each make a different line, and hatching is a technique.鉛筆、粗筆和毛筆各畫出不同的線；細線法是一種技法。
視 A-Ⅱ-1藝術領域・視覺藝術（國小三、四年級） · Arts, visual arts (grades 3–4)
視覺元素、生活之美、視覺聯想。
Line is one of the visual elements, and reading a line's speed and weight is a kind of visual association.線是視覺元素之一；從一條線讀出快慢與輕重，是一種視覺聯想。
視 E-Ⅲ-1藝術領域・視覺藝術（國小五、六年級） · Arts, visual arts (grades 5–6)
視覺元素、色彩與構成要素的辨識與溝通。
Words such as outline, contour, and hatching let students say what they see.外框線、輪廓線、細線法這些詞，讓學生能說出自己看到的。
Myth vs. Fact · 常見迷思
Four things people get wrong 四個常見的誤會
✗ Myth · 迷思A line only shows where the edge of a thing is.線只是用來標出東西的邊緣。
✓ Fact · 事實A line also shows how it was made. Its width, its edge, and its gaps record the pressure, the steadiness, and the speed of the hand, and close-set lines can even make shading.線也讓人看出它是怎麼畫的：粗細、邊緣和空隙，記錄了下筆的力道、手穩不穩和速度；排得很密的線甚至可以畫出明暗。
✗ Myth · 迷思Horizontal lines always feel calm and diagonal lines always feel exciting.水平線一定讓人平靜，斜線一定讓人興奮。
✓ Fact · 事實Museum teaching pages say horizontal lines suggest rest and diagonal lines can give a feeling of movement. Those are common habits of seeing that artists use. They are not laws, and one picture can use the same kind of line in another way.博物館的教學資料寫的是：水平線「讓人聯想到」休息，斜線「可以」帶來動的感覺。這些是常見的觀看習慣，藝術家會運用它們；但它們不是定律，同一種線在別的圖裡可以有別的用法。
✗ Myth · 迷思Paul Klee wrote, “A line is a dot that went for a walk.”保羅・克利寫過：「線是一個去散步的點。」
✓ Fact · 事實That is a popular short version. His book of 1925 begins, “An active line on a walk, moving freely, without goal,” and goes on to say that the mover is a point shifting its position forward.那是流行的簡化版。他 1925 年的書開頭寫的是「一條主動的線在散步，自由地移動，沒有目的地」，接著才說推動它的是一個不斷往前移動的點。
✗ Myth · 迷思A good line is perfectly smooth and the same width all the way.好的線條，就是從頭到尾一樣粗、完全平滑。
✓ Fact · 事實An even line is one choice among many. Artists change a line from thick to thin, hard to soft, and dark to light on purpose, and in baimiao those changes are what show weight and movement.均勻的線只是眾多選擇之一。藝術家會刻意讓線由粗變細、由硬變軟、由深變淺；在白描裡，正是這些變化表現出重量和動態。
Remember It · 記憶口訣
The line in a sentence 一句話記住線條
A line is a point that moved線是一個動過的點
Every line is the path of something that traveled.
每一條線，都是某個東西走過的路。
Width shows pressure粗細看力道
Press harder for a thicker line, and lift for a thinner one.
壓重一點線就粗，提起來線就細。
Flat rests, slanted moves平的像休息，斜的像在動
Horizontal lines suggest rest and diagonals suggest movement. These are suggestions, not rules.
水平線讓人聯想到休息，斜線讓人聯想到動。這是聯想，不是規則。
Many lines make gray很多線，變成灰
Close parallel lines are hatching, and crossed ones are cross-hatching.
排得很密的平行線是細線法；交叉起來就是交叉線法。
Before You Start · 動手之前
Pencils, brushes, and screens 鉛筆、毛筆和螢幕
- Carry pencils and brushes with the point down, and do not walk around with one in your mouth.拿著鉛筆或毛筆走動時，筆尖朝下；不要把筆含在嘴裡走路。
- Cover the desk before you use ink or markers, and keep ink away from books and screens. Wash brushes and hands when you finish.用墨汁或粗筆之前先把桌面鋪好，墨汁要離書本和螢幕遠一點。畫完把筆和手洗乾淨。
- Put the caps back on markers. Use markers made for school, and open a window if the smell is strong.粗筆用完要蓋回筆蓋。請用學校用的筆；味道太重就打開窗戶。
- Rest your eyes when you draw on a screen: ten minutes after every thirty minutes of close work.在螢幕上畫圖也要讓眼睛休息：用眼每 30 分鐘休息 10 分鐘。
Classroom Activity 1 · 課堂活動一
Five Lines, Two Tools 五種線，兩種筆
You need · 準備材料
- A soft pencil and white paper一支軟的鉛筆和白紙
- A brush with ink or dark watercolor, and paper that can take water一支毛筆，加上墨汁或深色水彩，以及吸水的紙
- A watch or a timer手錶或計時器
- This page, with the five lines on the left這一頁，左邊的五種線
Steps · 步驟
- Watch the five lines on the page. For each one, write down two words that describe it.看頁面上的五種線。每一種各寫下兩個形容它的詞。
- With the pencil, draw the same wavy line five ways: light and steady, heavy, as fast as you can, with a shaky hand, and from heavy to light.用鉛筆把同一條波浪線畫五次：輕而穩、重、盡量快、手抖著畫、由重到輕。
- Do the same with the brush. Time the slow line and the fast line.用毛筆再畫一次這五種線。替慢的那一條和快的那一條計時。
- Look at your fast brush line. Does it have gaps? Load the brush with more ink and try again. Then try with less.看看你用毛筆很快畫的那一條：上面有空隙嗎？讓筆多沾一點墨再畫一次；然後少沾一點再畫一次。
- Compare your ten lines with the five on the screen. Where does the model match your paper, and where does it not?把你的十條線和螢幕上的五條比一比。模型和紙上的結果，哪裡一樣？哪裡不一樣？
On this page a fast stroke always leaves gaps. On paper you may find that a brush full of ink leaves none however fast you go, and a nearly dry brush leaves them even when you go slowly. That difference is worth writing down.
在這一頁，畫得快就一定有空隙。在紙上你可能會發現：吸飽墨的筆不管畫多快都沒有空隙，而快乾掉的筆就算慢慢畫也有。這個差別值得記下來。
Classroom Activity 2 · 課堂活動二
Shade a Ball with Lines Only 只用線條替一顆球畫上明暗
You need · 準備材料
- A sharp pencil or a fine pen, and white paper一支削尖的鉛筆或細字筆，和白紙
- A ruler一把尺
- Lesson 3 of this series, open at the model of the ball本系列第三課，停在那顆球的模型
Steps · 步驟
- Draw a row of four boxes. Leave the first one empty.畫一排四個格子，第一格留白。
- Fill the second box with thin parallel lines set far apart, and the third with lines set close together.第二格畫上細細的平行線，排得疏一點；第三格的線排得密一點。
- In the fourth box, draw close lines and then cross them with a second set. You now have four values made of lines alone.第四格先畫密密的線，再用另一組線和它交叉。現在你有四階只用線條做出來的明度。
- Draw a circle. Use your four boxes as a guide to shade it like the ball in Lesson 3, with no smudging: open paper toward the light, crossed lines in the darkest band.畫一個圓。照著這四格，替它畫上像第三課那顆球的明暗，不要用手抹：朝著光的地方留白，最暗的那一圈用交叉的線。
- Hold the drawing at arm's length. Do the lines blend into gray? Step back until they do, and measure how far that is.把畫拿到一隻手臂遠的地方看。線條有沒有融成一片灰？一直往後退，退到融成灰為止，量量看那是多遠。
Keep the lines in each box the same weight and change only how close they are. If your hatching follows the curve of the ball, the ball will look rounder. Try it both ways and compare.
同一格裡的線要一樣粗，只改變它們的疏密。如果你的線順著球面彎，球看起來會更圓。兩種畫法都試試，再比較。
Go Further · 延伸閱讀
Lines in calligraphy, lines as shading, and what comes next 書法裡的線、畫明暗的線，以及下一課
Chinese Calligraphy · Lesson 2 · 書法・第二課How Does a Brush Make Thick and Thin Lines?一枝毛筆怎麼寫出粗細？Pressing down and lifting up with a real brush, shown in slow motion. The brush on this page borrows the idea.用真的毛筆下壓和提起，放慢來看。這一頁的毛筆借用的就是這個道理。Go to the lesson · 前往這一課 →Art · Lesson 3 · 美術・第三課How Does Shading Make a Circle Look Like a Ball?明暗怎麼把圓形變成球？An outline alone gives a flat circle. Hatching is one way to add the light and shade that make it round.只有輪廓，就只是一個平面的圓。細線法是替它加上明暗、讓它變圓的一種方法。Go to the lesson · 前往這一課 →Art · Lesson 5 · 美術・第五課How Do You Draw a Room on Flat Paper?怎麼在平面上畫出一個房間？Unit 2 begins with lines that lean toward one point, and a hallway you can walk your eye down.單元二從一組往同一個點靠攏的線開始，還有一條可以讓眼睛走進去的走廊。Go to the lesson · 前往這一課 →
Sources · 資料出處
Names, dates, numbers, and quotations on this page were checked against these sources (October 2026). The lengths, speeds, and widths of the lines are computed by the page itself and covered by automatic tests; the brush follows a simplified model · 本頁的人名、年代、數字與引文依下列資料查證（2026 年 10 月）；線的長度、速度與粗細由頁面自己計算，並有自動測試；毛筆是簡化的示意模型
- A line is a path created by a point moving in space; horizontal, vertical, and diagonal lines and what they suggest; geometric and organic shapes線是一個點在空間中移動所形成的路徑；水平線、垂直線、斜線各讓人聯想到什麼；幾何形與有機形J. Paul Getty Museum, “Elements of Art” ↗
- Contour line, line quality, implied line, cross-hatching輪廓線、線的品質、暗示線、交叉線法Brigham Young University–Idaho, ART 110 glossary ↗
- Hatching: closely spaced parallel lines that create tone; cross-hatching細線法：排得很密的平行線形成明暗；交叉線法Wikipedia “Hatching” ↗
- A cross-hatched pattern drawn with an ochre crayon on a stone flake, about 73,000 years old, Blombos Cave, South Africa南非布隆伯斯洞穴約七萬三千年前的石片，上面有用赭石畫的交叉線圖案Henshilwood et al., Nature (2018) ↗
- “An active line on a walk, moving freely, without goal. A walk for a walk's sake.” First published in 1925「一條主動的線在散步，自由地移動，沒有目的地。」初版 1925 年Paul Klee, Pedagogical Sketchbook (Internet Archive) ↗
- Baimiao: painting with lines alone and no color; what skilled line work can show白描：僅用線條勾描物象，而不著以顏色；純熟的白描技法能表現什麼教育百科〈白描〉（教育部辭典、教育大辭書） ↗
- Flying white: strokes with empty, inkless places, as if written with a dry brush; the legend of Cai Yong飛白書：筆畫中有空白無墨之處，絲絲露白，有如枯筆寫成的模樣；蔡邕的傳說教育百科〈飛白書〉（教育部辭典） ↗
- Chinese painting and calligraphy use the same tools, brush and ink書法與繪畫的工具皆為筆墨教育百科〈書畫同源〉（教育大辭書） ↗
- The dictionary entry for 線條「線條」：用筆繪成的直線、曲線或折線教育百科〈線條〉（教育部辭典） ↗
- Pressure, inclination, and direction of the brush produce thinner or bolder strokes毛筆的力道、傾斜與方向，寫出較細或較粗的筆畫Wikipedia “Chinese calligraphy” ↗
- Standard Chinese terms: contour, outline, hatching, cross-hatching, geometric form, visual element, texture學術名詞：輪廓線、外框線、細線法、交叉線法、幾何形、視覺元素、肌理國家教育研究院 樂詞網 ↗
- Visual arts learning content: 視 E-Ⅱ-2, 視 E-Ⅱ-3, 視 A-Ⅱ-1, 視 E-Ⅲ-1視覺藝術學習內容：視 E-Ⅱ-2、視 E-Ⅱ-3、視 A-Ⅱ-1、視 E-Ⅲ-1十二年國教課綱 藝術領域（教育部，2018） ↗
- Eye rest: ten minutes after every thirty minutes of close work護眼：用眼每 30 分鐘休息 10 分鐘衛生福利部國民健康署 ↗