The seesaw蹺蹺板
Everything starts crowded on the left. Then the big pale shape slides toward the middle and the small dark shape moves far out to the right, until the seesaw levels.
一開始全部擠在左邊。接著大而淡的形狀往中間移，小而深的形狀移到右邊很遠的地方，直到蹺蹺板變平。
Art · Unit 2 · Lesson 7 · 美術 單元二 第七課
Where Should the Main Thing Go?主角該放在哪裡？
A picture has edges, and where you put things inside them changes how the picture feels. Drag shapes around a frame, watch the balance point move, and crop a wide scene in three different ways.
畫面有邊，東西放在邊框裡的哪裡，會改變整張畫給人的感覺。在畫框裡拖動形狀，看重心怎麼移動；再把一片寬寬的風景，用三種方式裁切。
Big idea · 一句話看懂
A picture is a rectangle with edges. Where you place things inside it changes its balance and decides what the viewer looks at first. A big pale shape near the middle can balance a small dark shape far out, like a seesaw. The main thing does not have to be in the center, and it does not have to be on a thirds line either. The empty space around it is part of the picture too.
畫面是一個有邊的長方形。東西放在裡面的哪裡，會改變畫面的平衡，也決定看的人先看哪裡。靠近中間的大而淡的形狀，可以和放得遠遠的小而深的形狀互相平衡，就像蹺蹺板。主角不一定要放在正中央，也不一定要放在三分線上。它四周空著的地方，也是畫面的一部分。
Interactive · 互動模型
A Frame and a Balance Point 一個畫框，一個重心
Drag the gray shapes around the frame, or select one and move it with the arrow keys. The yellow diamond ◆ marks the picture's balance point, and the seesaw below it tips toward the heavier side. Try the five ways to arrange, then switch on the thirds lines. There is no 3D in this lesson, on purpose. A picture is flat, and this lesson is about the flat rectangle itself.
在畫框裡拖動灰色的形狀，或選取一個、用方向鍵移動。黃色的菱形 ◆ 標出畫面的重心，下面的蹺蹺板會往比較重的那一邊傾斜。試試五種擺法，再打開三分線。這一課刻意不用 3D：畫是平的，這一課講的就是這個平平的長方形。
The frame · 畫框
Ways to arrange · 擺法
| Shape · 形狀 | Kind · 種類 | Lightness · 明度 | Area · 面積 | Weight · 重量 | Thirds point · 三分點 |
|---|
What this model leaves out 這個模型簡化了什麼
- The weight of each shape is a formula we chose: its area in the frame times how much darker it is than the paper. There is no agreed formula for visual weight.每個形狀的重量，是我們自己選的公式：它在畫框裡的面積，乘上它比紙深多少。視覺重量並沒有公認的公式。
- In real pictures, color, direction, and meaning add weight too. People tend to look at faces and words. The model has none of these.在真的畫裡，顏色、方向和意義也會增加重量。人特別容易去看臉和文字。模型裡這些都沒有。
- The page calls a picture balanced when its balance point is within 6% of the middle. That line is our choice, and your eye may disagree.頁面把重心離中央 6% 以內的畫面叫做「平衡」。這條線是我們自己畫的，你的眼睛可能有不同的看法。
- The model only looks at left and right. Top and bottom balance matter too, and so does the empty space between the shapes.模型只看左右。上下的平衡也很重要，形狀之間空著的地方也是。
So test it with real paper and real eyes. Classroom Activity 2 asks your classmates which arrangement looks balanced, and then compares their answers with the model.所以請用真的紙和真的眼睛來檢驗。課堂活動二請同學判斷哪一種擺法看起來平衡，再和模型的答案比一比。
Shapes and scene made for this lesson. The balance point is computed by shared code and covered by automatic tests. · 形狀與風景為本課自行繪製；重心由共用的程式計算，並有自動測試。
Reading · 英文閱讀
7
Unit 7: Where Should the Main Thing Go?
Every picture has edges. A painting has a frame, a photo has borders, and a page in your sketchbook stops where the paper stops. Inside those edges, the artist decides where everything goes. This is called composition. Move the main thing a little to the left, or make the empty space a little larger, and the whole picture feels different.
每一張畫都有邊。油畫有畫框，照片有邊緣，素描本的一頁到紙的邊就停了。在這些邊的裡面，東西要放在哪裡，由畫的人決定。這叫做構圖。把主角往左移一點，或把空白留大一點，整張畫的感覺就不一樣了。
One thing artists think about is balance. Some shapes look heavier than others. A big shape looks heavier than a small one, and on light paper a dark shape looks heavier than a pale one. When the heavy parts are all on one side, the picture seems to tip over. When they are spread out well, it feels steady.
畫家會考慮的一件事是平衡。有些形狀看起來比別的重：大的看起來比小的重；在淺色的紙上，深的看起來也比淡的重。重的部分全擠在同一邊，畫面就好像要倒了；分配得好，畫面就感覺很穩。
There are three main kinds of balance. In symmetrical balance, the two sides are like mirror images. In asymmetrical balance, the two sides are different but still look balanced. A big pale shape near the middle can balance a small dark shape far out, just as a light child at the far end of a seesaw can balance a heavier child sitting near the middle. In radial balance, things spread out from a center, like the petals of a flower.
平衡主要有三種。對稱的平衡，兩邊就像鏡子裡的影像。不對稱的平衡，兩邊不一樣，看起來卻還是平衡的：靠近中間的大而淡的形狀，可以和放得遠遠的小而深的形狀互相平衡，就像蹺蹺板上，坐在最尾端的輕的小孩，可以和坐在靠近中間的重的小孩平衡一樣。放射狀的平衡，東西從一個中心往外排開，像花的花瓣。
Artists also decide what should catch your eye first. This is called emphasis, and the place you look at first is the focal point. An artist can make one area stand out by making it different from everything around it. Scientists who track people's eyes have found that faces and words pull our eyes strongly, even when we are asked to look for something else.
畫家也會決定什麼東西要先抓住你的目光。這叫做強調，你最先看的地方叫做焦點。畫家可以讓某一塊和周圍都不一樣，讓它跳出來。追蹤眼睛的科學家發現，臉和文字特別會吸引我們的目光，就算我們被要求去找別的東西也一樣。
You may have heard of the rule of thirds. Draw two lines across the picture and two lines down it, so that it is cut into nine equal parts, and put the main thing on one of the lines or where two of them cross. The name was first written down in 1797. It is a rule of thumb, not a law. Many fine pictures put the main thing right in the middle.
你可能聽過三分法：在畫面上畫兩條橫線、兩條直線，把它分成一樣大的九格，再把主角放在其中一條線上，或兩條線的交點上。這個名稱最早在 1797 年被寫下來。它是經驗法則，不是定律；很多很好的畫，主角就放在正中央。
Finally, look at what is not there. The empty space around and between things is called negative space, and it has a shape of its own. Chinese calligraphers say that the blank parts of a character should be planned as carefully as the brush strokes. A picture with lots of empty space can feel calm, and a crowded one can feel busy. Neither is wrong. It depends on what the artist wants you to feel.
最後，看看沒有東西的地方。東西四周和中間空著的地方叫做負空間，它也有自己的形狀。中國的書法講「計白當黑」：字裡空白的地方，要像筆畫一樣用心安排。空白多的畫面可以感覺很安靜，擠滿東西的畫面可以感覺很熱鬧。兩種都沒有錯，要看畫的人想讓你感受到什麼。
Read aloud · 課文朗讀
Questions · 閱讀理解
What is the difference between symmetrical and asymmetrical balance?
In symmetrical balance the two sides are like mirror images. In asymmetrical balance the two sides are different, but the picture still looks balanced.
How can a small shape balance a much bigger one?
Make the small shape darker, so it looks heavier, and put it farther from the middle, like a light child at the far end of a seesaw.
Is the rule of thirds a law that every good picture follows?
No. It is a rule of thumb that was first written down in 1797. Many fine pictures put the main thing in the middle, and studies have not found that the rule makes pictures better.
Words & Phrases · 生字及片語
composition(n.)構圖The composition puts the boat on the right.這張畫的構圖把船放在右邊。balance(n.)平衡；均衡The two trees give the picture balance.兩棵樹讓畫面平衡。symmetrical(adj.)對稱的A butterfly is symmetrical.蝴蝶是對稱的。frame(n.)畫框；畫面的邊The cat is at the edge of the frame.貓在畫面的邊上。focal point(n.)焦點The red door is the focal point of the painting.紅色的門是這幅畫的焦點。emphasis(n.)強調The bright light gives emphasis to her face.明亮的光強調了她的臉。negative space(n.)負空間；空白的部分The negative space around the bird makes it look alone.鳥四周的空白讓牠看起來很孤單。crop(v.)裁切She cropped the photo to cut out the road.她把照片裁掉一部分，把馬路切掉了。
Quick Check · 小測驗
1. In which kind of balance are the two sides like mirror images?
2. A big pale shape is near the middle. Where can a small dark shape go to balance it?
3. What is the empty space around and between things called?
4. The rule of thirds is…
5. In eye-tracking studies, what pulls people's eyes strongly, even when they are looking for something else?
Try It in the Model · 在模型裡試試
Four things to try 四件值得試的事
Then make your own picture. Put the small dark shape right in the middle, then on a thirds point. Which do you like better? Ask a classmate too. You may not agree, and that is fine.
然後自己排一張。把小而深的形狀放在正中央，再放到三分點上。你比較喜歡哪一張？也問問同學。你們可能意見不同，這沒有關係。
Mirror halves鏡子般的兩半
The left half is a mirror image of the right half, so the balance point sits exactly on the center line.
左半邊是右半邊的鏡像，所以重心剛好落在中線上。
Out from a center從中心往外
Seven circles spread out evenly from the middle, like petals. Drag one away and watch the balance tip.
七個圓從中間均勻地往外排開，像花瓣。拖走其中一個，看重心怎麼偏。
On the thirds lines放在三分線上
The thirds lines appear, and the small dark shape moves to the point where two lines cross.
三分線出現了，小而深的形狀移到兩條線交叉的點上。
Game · 小遊戲
Which One Is More Balanced? 哪一張比較平衡？
Six pairs of pictures. Decide which one of each pair looks more balanced. Then the page shows where each balance point ◆ is and explains why.
六組圖。每一組選出看起來比較平衡的那一張；接著頁面會標出兩張的重心 ◆ 在哪裡，並說明原因。
Question 1 of 6 · 第 1 題（共 6 題）
Right · 答對 0 / 0
The page checks your answer with the same model as above. If your eye disagrees with the model, your eye is not wrong. Write down why.頁面用的是上面那個模型來對答案。如果你的眼睛和模型意見不同，不代表你的眼睛錯了，把原因寫下來。
Try It · 動手試試
Crop It 裁切看看
A wide scene with a boat, a tree, a house, and the sun. Move and resize the yellow frame to finish three tasks. The same scene can make very different pictures, depending on what you keep and what you cut.
一片寬寬的風景，有船、樹、房子和太陽。移動黃色的框、改變它的大小，完成三個任務。同一片風景，留下什麼、切掉什麼，就會變成很不一樣的畫面。
Task 1 of 3 · 第 1 個任務（共 3 個）
The frame always keeps the shape of a 4:3 rectangle, like many photos and screens.裁切框的形狀固定是 4:3 的長方形，和很多照片、螢幕一樣。
Stories Behind the Frame · 畫框背後的故事
A rule named in 1797, eyes that follow questions, blank space in calligraphy, and rules put to the test 1797 年取名的規則、跟著問題走的眼睛、書法裡的空白，以及接受檢驗的規則
Four short stories about where people put things in a picture, and how we know what works.
四個小故事：人怎麼決定東西放在畫面的哪裡，以及我們怎麼知道哪樣行得通。
1797 · 英國
A rule gets its name一條規則有了名字
In 1797 the English artist John Thomas Smith wrote about a “Rule of thirds” in a book called Remarks on Rural Scenery. He meant it for landscapes: let the sky take up about two-thirds of the picture, or about one-third, instead of exactly half. Not everyone agreed. In 1845 another writer, George Field, called the rule “neither accurate nor universal.”
1797 年，英國的畫家史密斯（John Thomas Smith）在《鄉村風景評述》這本書裡寫到「三分法」。他指的是風景畫：讓天空大約占畫面的三分之二，或大約三分之一，而不是剛好一半。並不是每個人都同意。1845 年，另一位作者菲爾德（George Field）說這條規則「既不精確，也不普遍」。
1960s · 蘇聯
Eyes that follow the question跟著問題走的眼睛
The Russian scientist Alfred Yarbus recorded where people's eyes went as they looked at pictures. He found that the path of the eyes depended on what the viewer had been asked to do. When people looked at a face, their eyes kept going back to the eyes and the mouth. So there is no single path that every viewer's eyes follow through a picture.
俄國科學家亞布斯（Alfred Yarbus）記錄人看圖時眼睛往哪裡看。他發現，眼睛走的路線要看看的人被要求做什麼。人看一張臉時，目光會一再回到眼睛和嘴巴。所以，並沒有一條每個人的眼睛都會照著走的路線。
Calligraphy · 書法
Count the white as black計白當黑
Chinese calligraphy has a saying, “count the white as black” (計白當黑). The Ministry of Education's dictionary explains that it means arranging the blank spaces within and between characters as carefully as if they were real brush strokes, so that the space is well balanced. The same idea works in a picture. The empty part is something you design.
中國書法講「計白當黑」。《重編國語辭典修訂本》的解釋是：書法上指將字裡行間中的空白處，當做實體筆畫一般安排布置，務使空間調配得當。畫面也是一樣：空著的部分，也是要設計的。
Science · 科學
Putting the rules to the test把規則拿來檢驗
Do the rules really work? In 2014 a team of scientists checked large sets of high-quality photographs and paintings. They found that the rule of thirds seems to play only a minor role, if any. In another study, when people framed a single object facing the viewer, they liked it best at or near the center. Rules can help you start, but your eyes have the last word.
這些規則真的有用嗎？2014 年，一組科學家檢查了大量的優秀照片和畫作，發現三分法似乎只扮演很小的角色，甚至沒有角色。另一個研究發現，當人替一個正對著觀眾的東西取景時，最喜歡把它放在正中央或靠近中央。規則可以幫你起頭，但最後要由你的眼睛決定。
In the Curriculum · 對應課綱
Where this lesson fits 這一課對應的課綱
The arts curriculum does not use the word composition (構圖). It speaks of the elements and principles of form (構成要素、形式原理). These are the closest entries, and their links to this lesson are our reading of them.
藝術領域課綱的條文沒有用「構圖」這個詞，用的是「構成要素」和「形式原理」。下面是最接近的條目；它們和這一課的連結，是本教材的解讀。
視 E-Ⅲ-1藝術領域・視覺藝術 學習內容（國小五、六年級） · Arts, visual arts, learning content (grades 5–6)
視覺元素、色彩與構成要素的辨識與溝通。
Balance, focal point, and negative space are words for talking about how a picture is put together.平衡、焦點、負空間，都是用來說明一張圖怎麼組成的詞。
視 A-Ⅲ-1藝術領域・視覺藝術 學習內容（國小五、六年級） · Arts, visual arts, learning content (grades 5–6)
藝術語彙、形式原理與視覺美感。
Balance and emphasis are among the principles of form.平衡和強調都屬於形式原理。
2-Ⅲ-2藝術領域 學習表現（國小五、六年級） · Arts, learning performance (grades 5–6)
能發現藝術作品中的構成要素與形式原理，並表達自己的想法。
The balance game asks students to judge first and explain afterward.「哪一張比較平衡」先請學生自己判斷，再說出理由。
視 1-Ⅳ-1藝術領域・視覺藝術 學習表現（國中） · Arts, visual arts, learning performance (grades 7–9)
能使用構成要素和形式原理，表達情感與想法。
Calm empty space and busy crowded space are choices that carry feeling.安靜的空白和熱鬧的擁擠，都是帶著情感的選擇。
Myth vs. Fact · 常見迷思
Four things people get wrong 四個常見的誤會
✗ Myth · 迷思Never put the main thing in the middle.主角絕對不能放在正中間。
✓ Fact · 事實Many fine pictures do. In one study, when people framed a single object facing the viewer, they liked it best at or near the center. The middle feels steady and still, which is sometimes exactly what the artist wants.很多很好的畫就是這樣放的。有一個研究發現，人替一個正對著觀眾的東西取景時，最喜歡放在正中央或靠近中央。中間給人穩定、安靜的感覺，有時正是畫的人想要的。
✗ Myth · 迷思The rule of thirds is a law of good pictures.三分法是好畫面的定律。
✓ Fact · 事實It is a rule of thumb from 1797. A 2014 study of large sets of photographs and paintings found that it seems to play only a minor role, if any.它是 1797 年留下來的經驗法則。2014 年一個檢查大量照片和畫作的研究發現，它似乎只扮演很小的角色，甚至沒有角色。
✗ Myth · 迷思Famous paintings, like the Mona Lisa, were built on the golden ratio.名畫（例如〈蒙娜麗莎〉）都是照黃金比例畫的。
✓ Fact · 事實The claim about the Mona Lisa is not supported by Leonardo's own writings, and careful tests of whether people prefer the golden ratio have been inconclusive at best.〈蒙娜麗莎〉用了黃金比例的說法，在達文西自己的文字裡找不到根據；仔細檢驗人是否偏好黃金比例的研究，結果最多只能說沒有定論。
✗ Myth · 迷思Empty space is wasted space.空白就是浪費掉的地方。
✓ Fact · 事實Negative space has a shape of its own, and it decides how calm or crowded a picture feels. Chinese calligraphers plan the blank parts as carefully as the strokes.負空間有自己的形狀，也決定畫面感覺安靜還是擁擠。中國的書法家安排空白，就像安排筆畫一樣用心。
Remember It · 記憶口訣
Composition in a sentence 一句話記住構圖
Big and pale near, small and dark far大淡靠中間，小深放遠邊
That is how a seesaw balances.
蹺蹺板就是這樣平衡的。
Different stands out不一樣的會跳出來
The focal point is the part that is unlike the rest.
焦點就是和其他部分不一樣的那一塊。
Thirds are a start, not a law三分法是起點，不是定律
Try it, then try the middle, and trust your eyes.
試試看，也試試正中央，最後相信你的眼睛。
The empty part counts空白也算數
Count the white as black.
計白當黑。
Before You Start · 動手之前
Scissors and looking around 剪刀和四處看看
- Use scissors to cut the viewfinder. If a craft knife is needed for the window, an adult should do that part.用剪刀剪取景框。如果挖窗口需要美工刀，那一部分請大人來做。
- Carry scissors closed, with the points down, and hand them to someone handle first.拿剪刀走動時要合起來、尖端朝下；遞給別人時握柄朝向對方。
- When you walk around looking through a viewfinder, stop before you look. Do not walk while your eye is at the window.拿著取景框到處看的時候，先停下來再看。眼睛貼在窗口上時不要走路。
- Never look at the Sun through the viewfinder or in any other way.不要透過取景框看太陽，用任何方式都不行。
Classroom Activity 1 · 課堂活動一
A Paper Viewfinder 紙做的取景框
You need · 準備材料
- A piece of card about the size of a postcard一張大約明信片大小的卡紙
- Scissors and a ruler剪刀和尺
- Paper and a pencil紙和鉛筆
Steps · 步驟
- Cut a window 8 cm wide and 6 cm high in the middle of the card. That is the same 4:3 shape as the frame on this page.在卡紙中間挖一個寬 8 公分、高 6 公分的窗口。這和本頁畫框一樣是 4:3 的形狀。
- Choose one thing in the classroom or the schoolyard to be your main thing, such as a plant, a chair, or a friend's backpack.在教室或校園裡選一樣東西當主角，例如一盆植物、一張椅子或同學的書包。
- Look at it through the window three ways: with the main thing in the middle, on a thirds point, and very close so that it fills the window.透過窗口用三種方式看它：主角在正中央、主角在三分點上、靠得很近讓主角塞滿窗口。
- Make a quick sketch of each one. Draw only the big shapes.每一種都畫一張快速的草圖，只畫大的形狀。
- Put a star next to the one you like best. Compare with a classmate who chose the same main thing.在你最喜歡的那一張旁邊畫一顆星。和選了同一個主角的同學比一比。
Moving the card closer to your eye shows more of the scene, and moving it away shows less, just like making the yellow frame bigger or smaller in Crop It.
卡紙拿近眼睛，看到的範圍變大；拿遠一點，範圍變小。這就像在「裁切看看」裡把黃色的框放大或縮小。
Classroom Activity 2 · 課堂活動二
Balance It With Paper 用紙排出平衡
You need · 準備材料
- White paper for the background一張白紙當底
- Light gray or pale paper and black paper淺灰或淡色的紙，和黑色的紙
- Scissors剪刀
Steps · 步驟
- Cut one big circle from the pale paper and one small circle from the black paper.從淡色的紙剪一個大圓，從黑色的紙剪一個小圓。
- Lay them on the white paper, without glue, in three arrangements: both on one side, mirror-like if you can, and big near the middle with small far out.不用膠水，把它們放在白紙上，排出三種樣子：都放在同一邊；盡量左右對稱；大的靠近中間、小的放得很遠。
- For each one, ask three classmates whether it looks balanced. Write down their answers.每一種都問三位同學：看起來平衡嗎？把他們的回答寫下來。
- Copy each arrangement into the model on this page. Does the model agree with your classmates?把每一種擺法在這一頁的模型裡排一次。模型和同學的看法一樣嗎？
- Now hold the two paper circles in your hands. The black one is much lighter to hold, yet it may look heavier. Visual weight is not the weight of the paper.把兩個紙圓拿在手上。黑色的拿起來輕很多，看起來卻可能比較重。視覺重量不是紙的重量。
The screen shows gray by giving off light, and your paper shows it by reflecting the light in the room. Real paper may look a little different from the gray on the screen, so trust what you see on the desk.
螢幕上的灰色是螢幕自己發出的光，紙上的灰色是紙反射教室裡的光。真的紙看起來可能和螢幕上的灰不太一樣，請相信你在桌上看到的。
Go Further · 延伸閱讀
Near and far, the lens of a camera, and what comes next 遠和近、相機的鏡頭，以及下一課
Art · Lesson 6 · 美術・第六課How Do Painters Show Near and Far?畫家怎麼畫出遠和近？Overlap, size, and position make a flat picture look deep. Composition decides where those things sit inside the frame.重疊、大小和位置讓平面的畫看起來有深度；構圖則決定這些東西放在畫框裡的哪裡。Go to the lesson · 前往這一課 →How Things Work · Lesson 12 · 萬物原理・第十二課How Does a Camera Take a Picture?相機怎麼拍下照片？Every photo has a frame too. That lesson explains how the lens makes the picture. This one is about what you put inside it.每一張照片也都有邊框。那一課解釋鏡頭怎麼形成影像；這一課講你要把什麼放進框裡。Go to the lesson · 前往這一課 →Art · Lesson 8 · 美術・第八課Why Do Drawn Faces Look Wrong?為什麼畫的臉常常怪怪的？Next comes proportion: where the eyes really are on a head, and why beginners often draw them too high.下一課是比例：眼睛在頭上真正的位置，以及為什麼初學者常把眼睛畫得太高。Go to the lesson · 前往這一課 →
Sources · 資料出處
Names, dates, numbers, and quotations on this page were checked against these sources (October 2026). The balance point is computed by the page itself and covered by automatic tests; visual weight follows a simplified model of our own · 本頁的人名、年代、數字與引文依下列資料查證（2026 年 10 月）；重心由頁面自己計算，並有自動測試；視覺重量的算法是本教材自訂的簡化模型
- Balance as the distribution of visual weight; symmetrical, asymmetrical, and radial balance; emphasis; negative space has shape平衡是視覺重量的分配；對稱、不對稱、放射狀的平衡；強調；負空間有形狀J. Paul Getty Museum, Education, “Principles of Design” (worksheet) ↗
- Composition is the arrangement of elements within a work of art構圖是作品裡各種元素的安排Tate, Art Term “Composition” ↗
- Focal point, negative space, positive shapes, visual weight (usually from value or color contrast), rule of thirds as a general guideline焦點、負空間、正形、視覺重量（通常來自明暗或色彩的對比）、三分法是一般的參考原則Brigham Young University–Idaho, ART 110 glossary ↗
- John Thomas Smith, Remarks on Rural Scenery (1797): the “Rule of thirds” applied to the sky in a landscape史密斯《鄉村風景評述》（1797）：把「三分法」用在風景畫的天空比例Internet Archive (scan of the 1797 book) ↗
- A rule of thumb; first written down by Smith in 1797; George Field (1845): “neither accurate nor universal”經驗法則；1797 年由史密斯最早寫下；菲爾德（1845）：「既不精確，也不普遍」Wikipedia “Rule of thirds” ↗
- The rule of thirds seems to play only a minor role, if any, in large sets of high-quality photographs and paintings在大量優秀的照片和畫作裡，三分法似乎只扮演很小的角色，甚至沒有Amirshahi et al., “Evaluating the Rule of Thirds in Photographs and Paintings,” Art & Perception 2 (2014): 163–182 ↗
- For a single object facing the viewer, preference was greatest at or near the center of the frame替一個正對觀眾的東西取景時，最受偏好的位置在畫框正中央或附近Palmer, Gardner & Wickens, Spatial Vision (2008), abstract on Europe PMC ↗
- Gaze paths depend on the viewer's task; eyes and mouth in a face are looked at again and again目光的路線取決於看的人的任務；看臉時一再回到眼睛和嘴巴Wikipedia “Alfred L. Yarbus” ↗
- In free viewing, people look at faces and text far more than at other regions of the same size and position自由觀看時，人看臉和文字的次數遠多於同樣大小、同樣位置的其他區域Cerf, Frady & Koch, Journal of Vision (2009), abstract on Europe PMC ↗
- The Mona Lisa claim is not supported by Leonardo's writings; preference tests inconclusive at best〈蒙娜麗莎〉用黃金比例的說法在達文西的文字裡找不到根據；偏好的檢驗最多只能說沒有定論Wikipedia “Golden ratio” ↗
- 計白當黑, 構圖 (Ministry of Education dictionary, via the Education Encyclopedia)「計白當黑」「構圖」（重編國語辭典修訂本）教育百科〈計白當黑〉 ↗
- Standard Chinese terms: composition, focal point, emphasis, negative space, rule of thirds, cropping, formal and informal balance學術名詞：構圖、焦點、強調、負空間、三分構圖法、畫面剪裁、對稱均衡、非對稱均衡國家教育研究院 樂詞網 ↗
- Learning content 視 E-Ⅲ-1, 視 A-Ⅲ-1; learning performance 2-Ⅲ-2, 視 1-Ⅳ-1學習內容：視 E-Ⅲ-1、視 A-Ⅲ-1；學習表現：2-Ⅲ-2、視 1-Ⅳ-1十二年國教課綱 藝術領域（教育部，2018） ↗