Neighbors look like one family鄰居像一家人
Watch the main color walk around the wheel with its two neighbors. The drawing changes color, but its parts always stay close to each other.
看主色帶著兩個鄰居沿著色相環走一圈。圖的顏色一直在換，但各部分的顏色始終很接近。
Art · Unit 1 · Lesson 2 · 美術 單元一 第二課
How Do Colors Work Together?顏色怎麼搭配？
Pick a color on the wheel and watch one drawing change its mood as its colors change. Then find out why two squares of the very same gray can look different.
在色相環上選一個顏色，看同一張圖換了配色之後感覺怎麼變；再看看兩塊一模一樣的灰色，為什麼看起來會不一樣。
Big idea · 一句話看懂
You never see a color by itself. Neighbors on the color wheel are close to each other and look like one family. Colors on opposite sides differ the most and make each other stand out. Even the same gray looks lighter or darker depending on what is around it.
我們從來不會單獨看到一個顏色。色相環上相鄰的顏色彼此接近，看起來像一家人；對面的顏色差最多，放在一起會互相襯托。就連同一個灰色，也會因為周圍的顏色不同，看起來比較淺或比較深。
Model · 模型
A Color Wheel and One Drawing 一個色相環，和同一張圖
Click a step on the wheel to make it the main color, marked with a star. Then choose how the other colors are picked: its neighbors, the color straight across, or three colors spaced evenly. The drawing on the right takes those colors. You can also change the wheel itself, from the painter's wheel to the screen wheel. Every step has a number, and the colors in use are named on the right, so you never have to tell them apart by eye alone.
點色相環上的一格，把它設成主色（有星號的那一格）。再選其他顏色怎麼挑：它的鄰居、正對面的顏色，或平均分開的三個顏色。右邊那張圖會換上這些顏色。色相環本身也可以換：畫家的色相環，或螢幕的色相環。每一格都有編號，用到的顏色名稱列在右邊，不必只靠眼睛分辨。
The twelve steps · 十二格的名稱
What this model leaves out 這個模型簡化了什麼
- The twelve swatches on the painter's wheel are screen colors chosen to stand for the names. They are light from your screen, not paint, and no paint was measured to make them.畫家的色相環上那十二個色塊，是為了代表各個名稱而選的螢幕顏色。它們是螢幕發出的光，不是顏料，也不是從任何顏料量出來的。
- A wheel shows only hue. It cannot show how light or dark a color is, or how vivid or dull. Those need more room than a flat circle has.色相環只表示色相，沒辦法表示一個顏色有多亮多暗、多鮮豔或多混濁；那需要比一個平面的圓更多的空間。
- Twelve steps is a choice. Newton's circle had seven colors, Goethe's had six, and other wheels have more.分成十二格是一種選擇。牛頓的色環有七個顏色，歌德的有六個，也有分得更細的色相環。
- The number for how far apart two colors are comes from one formula. It is an estimate, and people's eyes do not all agree with it.兩個顏色「差多少」的數字來自一條公式，只是估計；每個人眼睛的感覺不一定和它一樣。
So test what you see here with colored paper or paint. Both classroom activities show how.所以請拿色紙或顏料來驗證這裡看到的結果；做法在兩個課堂活動裡。
Wheel and drawing made for this lesson. The color math is in the shared color engine and is covered by automatic tests. · 色相環與圖為本課自行繪製；顏色的計算放在共用的顏色引擎裡，並有自動測試。
Reading · 英文閱讀
2
Unit 2: How Do Colors Work Together?
Cut two small squares from the same sheet of gray paper. Lay one on black paper and the other on white paper. Now they do not look the same. In 1810 the German writer Goethe noted that a gray shape on a black background looks much brighter than the same shape on white. Nothing happened to the paper. Your eyes and brain judge every color against the colors around it. This effect is called simultaneous contrast, and it is why artists think about colors in groups.
從同一張灰色的紙上剪下兩個小方塊，一塊放在黑紙上，一塊放在白紙上。現在它們看起來不一樣了。1810 年，德國作家歌德記下：灰色的圖形放在黑色的底上，看起來比同一個圖形放在白色的底上亮得多。紙並沒有改變。眼睛和大腦判斷每一個顏色，都是拿它和周圍的顏色比較。這個現象叫做同時對比，也是藝術家總是把顏色一組一組來考慮的原因。
To plan those groups, artists bend the colors into a circle called a color wheel. Each place on the wheel is a hue, such as red, orange, or blue. Isaac Newton put the first color wheel in his book Opticks in 1704. In 1766 the English artist Moses Harris wrote about a wheel built on red, yellow, and blue, with orange, green, and purple between them. Painters still use a wheel like that one. Screens use another wheel, built on red, green, and blue.
為了安排這些組合，藝術家把顏色彎成一個圓，叫做色相環。環上的每一個位置是一個色相，例如紅、橙、藍。牛頓在 1704 年出版的《光學》裡畫出了第一個色環。1766 年，英國藝術家哈里斯（Moses Harris）寫到一個以紅、黃、藍為基礎的色環，中間是橙、綠、紫。畫家到今天還在用類似的色相環。螢幕用的是另一個，以紅、綠、藍為基礎。
Colors that sit next to each other on the wheel are called analogous colors. Red, red-orange, and orange are one example. Neighbors have a lot in common. A picture that uses an analogous color scheme looks like one family of color, with little contrast between its parts.
在色相環上相鄰的顏色叫做類似色，例如紅、紅橙、橙。鄰居之間有很多共同點。用類似色來配色的圖，看起來像同一家的顏色，各部分之間的對比很小。
Colors on opposite sides of the wheel are called complementary colors. On the painter's wheel the pairs are red and green, yellow and purple, and blue and orange. Side by side they give a strong contrast. The French chemist Michel Eugène Chevreul studied this at the Gobelins tapestry works in Paris, where people had complained about the black dye. He found that the dye was good. The black only looked weak and reddish when deep blues surrounded it. A color, he wrote, seems to shift toward the opposite of its neighbor. He published his findings in 1839.
在色相環上位置相對的顏色叫做互補色。在畫家的色相環上，這幾對是紅和綠、黃和紫、藍和橙。它們放在一起，對比很強。法國化學家謝弗勒（Michel Eugène Chevreul）在巴黎的戈布蘭織毯廠研究過這件事：當時有人抱怨那裡的黑色染料不好。他發現染料本身沒有問題，只是黑色被深藍色包圍的時候，看起來又淡又偏紅。他寫道：一個顏色看起來會偏向旁邊那個顏色的對面。他在 1839 年發表了這些發現。
Which color is the opposite of red? It depends on the wheel. On the painter's wheel the answer is green. On the screen wheel the pairs are red and cyan, green and magenta, and blue and yellow. Both wheels are useful. One grew out of mixing paint and the other fits mixing light, as you saw in Lesson 1. When someone says two colors are complementary, it is fair to ask which wheel they mean.
紅色的對面是哪一個顏色？要看是哪一個色相環。在畫家的色相環上，答案是綠色。在螢幕的色相環上，這幾對是紅和青、綠和洋紅、藍和黃。兩個色相環都有用：一個是從混顏料發展出來的，另一個適合混光，就像第一課看到的那樣。有人說兩個顏色互補的時候，可以問一句：是哪一個色相環？
Artists also call the hues from red through yellow warm, and the hues from blue-green through blue-purple cool. People have used these words since at least the late 1700s, but they do not agree on exactly where the line falls. You may also hear that warm colors excite people and cool colors calm them. Researchers who reviewed the studies say it is too early to make strong claims like that. The rules for matching colors are guides. They are not laws, and tastes differ from person to person and from culture to culture. Use the wheel to find ideas, and then trust what you see.
藝術家也把紅到黃的色相叫做暖色，把藍綠到藍紫的色相叫做冷色（也叫寒色）。這兩個詞至少從十八世紀後期就有人用了，不過交界線畫在哪裡，大家的說法並不一致。你可能也聽過「暖色讓人興奮、冷色讓人平靜」。整理過相關研究的學者說，現在要下這麼肯定的結論還太早。配色的規則是參考，不是定律；每個人、每個文化的喜好都不一樣。用色相環找靈感，然後相信自己看到的。
Read aloud · 課文朗讀
Questions · 閱讀理解
Two squares cut from the same gray paper look different on black and on white. What changed, and what did not?
The squares did not change. They are the same gray. What changed is the background, and our eyes and brain judge a color against the colors around it.
Why can two people both be right when one says the opposite of red is green and the other says it is cyan?
They are using different color wheels. On the painter's wheel, built on red, yellow, and blue, green is across from red. On the screen wheel, built on red, green, and blue, cyan is across from red.
A friend says, "Blue always makes people calm." What would you say?
It is a common saying, but researchers who reviewed the studies say it is too early for strong claims like that. People and cultures differ, so it is better to say that blue is usually called a cool color.
Words & Phrases · 生字及片語
color wheel(n.)色相環On the color wheel, orange sits between red and yellow.在色相環上，橙色在紅色和黃色中間。hue(n.)色相Red, green, and blue are three different hues.紅、綠、藍是三個不同的色相。analogous(adj.)類似的；相鄰的Yellow and yellow-green are analogous colors.黃色和黃綠色是類似色。complementary(adj.)互補的On the painter's wheel, blue and orange are complementary colors.在畫家的色相環上，藍色和橙色是互補色。contrast(n.)對比Black letters on white paper have a strong contrast.白紙上的黑字，對比很強。background(n.)背景；底色The gray square looks darker on a white background.灰色方塊放在白色的底色上，看起來比較深。scheme(n.)配色；方案She chose a color scheme of blue, blue-green, and green.她選了藍、藍綠、綠的配色。warm(adj.)暖的Red, orange, and yellow are called warm colors.紅、橙、黃叫做暖色。
Quick Check · 小測驗
1. What do we call colors that sit next to each other on the color wheel?
2. On the painter's wheel, built on red, yellow, and blue, which color is across from blue?
3. On the screen wheel, built on red, green, and blue, which color is across from red?
4. Two squares of the same gray sit on a black and a white background. Which one usually looks lighter?
5. Which hues are usually called warm colors?
Try It in the Model · 在模型裡試試
Four things to try 四件值得試的事
Then try it yourself. Which scheme would you choose for a poster that must be seen from far away? Which for a quiet bedroom wall?
然後自己動手試試。一張要從遠處就看得到的海報，你會選哪一種配色？安靜的臥室牆面呢？
Opposites stand out對面的顏色互相襯托
Blue with orange, red with green, yellow with purple. Each time the house and the hills pull apart, and the number on the right jumps up.
藍配橙、紅配綠、黃配紫。每一次小屋和山丘都分得很開，右邊的數字也一下子變大。
Two wheels, two answers兩個色相環，兩個答案
Keep red as the main color and change the wheel. Across from red is green on one wheel and cyan on the other.
主色維持紅色，只換色相環。紅色的對面，在一個環上是綠色，在另一個環上是青色。
Warm side, cool side暖的一側，冷的一側
The solid arc marks the hues usually called warm and the dashed arc the hues usually called cool. See the same drawing in three warm colors, then in three cool ones.
實線的弧標出一般說的暖色，虛線的弧標出一般說的冷色。看同一張圖先用三個暖色，再用三個冷色。
See for Yourself · 自己看看
Which Gray Is Darker? 哪一塊灰比較深？
Two gray squares sit on two different backgrounds. Decide which one looks darker. Then slide the squares together, or give both sides the same background, and look again. The numbers under the picture tell you what the screen is really showing.
兩塊灰色的方塊放在兩種不同的底色上。先判斷哪一塊看起來比較深；再把兩塊移到一起，或把兩邊換成一樣的底色，再看一次。圖下方的數字告訴你螢幕實際顯示的是什麼。
Left background · 左邊的底色:
Right background · 右邊的底色:
How strong the effect looks is different for each person and each screen. If you see no difference at all, that is fine too.這個效果看起來有多明顯，每個人、每個螢幕都不一樣。如果你完全看不出差別，那也沒有關係。
Game · 小遊戲
Which One Is It? 這是哪一個？
Six questions about the two wheels. Every choice shows a swatch and its name. The game counts the questions you get right on the first try. Watch for the last two: they ask the same thing as earlier questions, but on the other wheel.
六道關於兩個色相環的題目。每個選項都有色塊和名稱。遊戲會記下你第一次就答對的題數。留意最後兩題：問的是前面問過的事，只是換了一個色相環。
Question 1 of 6 · 第 1 題（共 6 題）
Right on the first try · 第一次就答對 0 / 0
You may scroll up and count the steps on the wheel. That is not cheating. It is how the wheel is meant to be used.可以捲回上面，在色相環上數格子。這不算作弊，色相環本來就是這樣用的。
Two Wheels · 兩個色相環
The Color Across Depends on the Wheel 對面是什麼顏色，要看是哪一個色相環
Start from the same color and cross each wheel. You land in two different places.
從同一個顏色出發，分別走到兩個色相環的對面，會到達兩個不同的地方。
| Start from · 從這個顏色出發 | Across the painter's wheel · 畫家的色相環對面 | Across the screen wheel · 螢幕的色相環對面 |
|---|---|---|
| Red紅 | Green綠 | Cyan青 |
| Yellow黃 | Purple紫 | Blue藍 |
| Blue藍 | Orange橙 | Yellow黃 |
The swatches are screen colors chosen to stand for each name. The starting colors are the ones on the painter's wheel.色塊是為了代表各個名稱而選的螢幕顏色；「出發」那一欄用的是畫家的色相環上的顏色。
- Which pairs of colors count as complementary depends on the color model you use. With red, yellow, and blue as primaries, the pairs are red and green, yellow and purple, blue and orange. With red, green, and blue, they are red and cyan, green and magenta, blue and yellow.哪兩個顏色算互補，要看用的是哪一套色彩模型。以紅、黃、藍為原色時，是紅和綠、黃和紫、藍和橙；以紅、綠、藍為原色時，是紅和青、綠和洋紅、藍和黃。
- Mixing shows the same split. Two complementary lights at full strength add up to white. Paints work by absorbing light, so complementary paints mix toward gray or black.混色的結果也分成兩種。兩種互補的色光都開到最亮，加起來是白光；顏料靠吸收光來顯色，所以互補的顏料混在一起會偏向灰或黑。
- Taiwan's Ministry of Education dictionary has both ideas. Its entry for 互補色 speaks of two colored lights that mix to white and gives yellow and blue light as the example. Its entry for 對比色 gives red and green, yellow and purple.教育部《重編國語辭典修訂本》兩種說法都有。「互補色」一條講的是色光：「任何二種色光等量混合而成白色時，則此二色互為互補色。例如黃色光與藍色光」；「對比色」一條舉的例子則是「紅與綠、黃與紫」。
Stories Behind the Wheel · 色相環背後的故事
A circle of seven colors, a black dye, an old observation, and a third direction 七個顏色的圓、一種黑色染料、一個很老的觀察，和第三個方向
Four short stories about how people learned to arrange colors and to notice how they change each other.
關於人怎麼排列顏色、又怎麼注意到顏色會互相影響的四個小故事。
1704 · 一七〇四年
Newton bends the rainbow into a circle牛頓把彩虹彎成一個圓
Isaac Newton's book Opticks, published in 1704, contained the first color wheel. He set the seven colors of the spectrum into a circle, in segments of unequal size that followed the pattern of a musical scale. His circle showed only the colors of the spectrum. Later wheels added the purples that join the red end to the violet end.
牛頓 1704 年出版的《光學》裡有第一個色環。他把光譜的七個顏色排成一個圓，每一格大小不一，照的是音階的規律。他的色環只有光譜上的顏色；後來的色相環才補上把紅端和紫端接起來的那些紫紅色。
1839 · 一八三九年
Chevreul and the black dye謝弗勒與黑色染料
In 1824 the chemist Michel Eugène Chevreul was put in charge of the dye works at the Gobelins factory in Paris, after complaints about its colors. He found some dyes at fault, but the black that people criticized most was first-rate. Cloth dyed with it looked weak and reddish only when deep blues or purples lay around it. He called the effect simultaneous contrast and wrote a book about it in 1839.
1824 年，化學家謝弗勒在外界抱怨顏色有問題之後，接掌巴黎戈布蘭工廠的染坊。他發現有些染料確實不好，但被批評得最兇的黑色其實是上等的；用它染的布，只有在周圍是深藍或深紫的時候，才顯得又淡又偏紅。他把這個效果叫做同時對比，並在 1839 年寫成一本書。
About 1,000 Years Ago · 大約一千年前
An old observation一個很老的觀察
The oldest known scientific note on this effect comes from the physicist Ibn al-Haytham in the eleventh century. He described spots of paint that looked almost black on a white background and paler than their true color on a black one. Goethe wrote down the same thing about gray shapes in 1810. People have been surprised by it for a very long time.
目前所知最早寫下這個現象的科學文獻，出自十一世紀的物理學家海什木（Ibn al-Haytham）：他描述顏料的小點放在白色的底上看起來幾乎是黑的，放在黑色的底上又比原來的顏色淡。歌德在 1810 年也對灰色的圖形寫下同樣的觀察。人們為這件事感到驚訝，已經很久很久了。
After 1900 · 一九〇〇年之後
Munsell adds two more directions孟塞爾多加了兩個方向
A flat wheel shows hue and nothing else. In the first decade of the twentieth century the American painter Albert Munsell built a system on three properties of color: hue, value (how light), and chroma (how strong). His hue circle has five principal hues: red, yellow, green, blue, and purple. Lesson 3 goes up and down the direction that the wheel leaves out, from light to dark.
一個平面的色相環只能表示色相。二十世紀的頭十年，美國畫家孟塞爾（Albert Munsell）用顏色的三個性質建立了一套系統：色相、明度（多亮）和彩度（多鮮豔）。他的色相環有五個主要色相：紅、黃、綠、藍、紫。第三課會沿著色相環沒有畫出來的那個方向走：從亮到暗。
In the Curriculum · 對應課綱
Where this lesson fits 這一課對應的課綱
The visual arts curriculum does not name the color wheel, complementary colors, or warm and cool colors. These are the closest entries. The links to this lesson are our reading of them.
視覺藝術課綱的條文沒有點名色相環、互補色或寒暖色。下面是最接近的條目；它們和這一課的連結，是本教材的解讀。
視 E-Ⅱ-1藝術領域・視覺藝術（國小三、四年級） · Arts, visual arts (grades 3–4)
色彩感知、造形與空間的探索。
Noticing that a color changes with its surroundings is part of sensing color.察覺一個顏色會隨周圍改變，是色彩感知的一部分。
視 E-Ⅲ-1藝術領域・視覺藝術（國小五、六年級） · Arts, visual arts (grades 5–6)
視覺元素、色彩與構成要素的辨識與溝通。
Words such as analogous, complementary, warm, and cool let students say what they see.類似色、互補色、暖色、冷色這些詞，讓學生能說出自己看到的。
視 A-Ⅲ-1藝術領域・視覺藝術（國小五、六年級） · Arts, visual arts (grades 5–6)
藝術語彙、形式原理與視覺美感。
Contrast is one of the ideas students use when they talk about how a picture is put together.討論一張圖怎麼組成時，對比是會用到的觀念之一。
視 E-Ⅳ-1藝術領域・視覺藝術（國中） · Arts, visual arts (grades 7–9)
色彩理論、造形表現、符號意涵。
Color wheels and color schemes belong to color theory. The entry does not list them by name.色相環與配色屬於色彩理論，但這一條沒有點名。
Myth vs. Fact · 常見迷思
Four things people get wrong 四個常見的誤會
✗ Myth · 迷思The opposite of red is green, and that is the only answer.紅色的對面就是綠色，只有這一個答案。
✓ Fact · 事實It depends on the wheel. On the painter's wheel, built on red, yellow, and blue, green is across from red. On the screen wheel, built on red, green, and blue, the color across from red is cyan.要看是哪一個色相環。在以紅、黃、藍為基礎的畫家色相環上，紅色對面是綠色；在以紅、綠、藍為基礎的螢幕色相環上，紅色對面是青色。
✗ Myth · 迷思If two patches look different, they must be different colors.兩塊顏色看起來不一樣，就一定是不同的顏色。
✓ Fact · 事實The same gray looks lighter on black and darker on white. The patches are equal. What differs is the background, and the eye judges a color against what is around it.同一個灰色，放在黑色上看起來比較淺，放在白色上看起來比較深。兩塊其實一樣，不一樣的是底色；眼睛判斷顏色，是拿它和周圍比較。
✗ Myth · 迷思Science has proved that warm colors excite people and cool colors calm them.科學已經證明暖色讓人興奮、冷色讓人平靜。
✓ Fact · 事實Warm and cool are names artists use for two sides of the wheel. A review of the research on color and feelings says it is too early for firm claims, and one well-known early claim could not be repeated by other researchers.「暖」和「冷」是藝術家對色相環兩側的稱呼。一篇整理顏色與心理研究的回顧文章說，現在要下定論還太早；早期一個很有名的說法，後來別的研究者也無法重複出來。
✗ Myth · 迷思There are rules for which colors match, and breaking them is wrong.顏色怎麼配有一定的規則，不照規則就是錯。
✓ Fact · 事實Color schemes are guides that many artists find useful. How pleasing a combination looks also depends on the person, the place, and the culture, so no formula can decide it for everyone.配色的方法是很多藝術家覺得好用的參考。一組顏色好不好看，也和看的人、場合與文化有關，所以沒有一條公式能替所有人決定。
Remember It · 記憶口訣
The color wheel in a sentence 一句話記住色相環
Next door, one family隔壁的，一家人
Neighbors on the wheel are analogous colors. They look close and quiet together.
色相環上的鄰居是類似色，放在一起很接近、很安靜。
Across the wheel, strong contrast走到對面，對比最強
Opposites are complementary colors. Each makes the other stand out.
對面的顏色是互補色，會互相襯托。
Ask which wheel先問是哪一個色相環
Red faces green on the painter's wheel and cyan on the screen wheel.
紅色在畫家的色相環上對著綠，在螢幕的色相環上對著青。
A color changes with its neighbors顏色會跟著鄰居變
The same gray looks lighter on black and darker on white.
同一個灰色，放在黑色上比較淺，放在白色上比較深。
Before You Start · 動手之前
Eyes, scissors, and paint 眼睛、剪刀和顏料
- Rest your eyes. Taiwan's Health Promotion Administration advises ten minutes of rest after every thirty minutes of close work, and at least 120 minutes outdoors each day.讓眼睛休息。國民健康署建議：用眼每 30 分鐘休息 10 分鐘，每天戶外活動 120 分鐘以上。
- Carry scissors closed, with the points down, and hand them to someone handle first. Cut away from your other hand.拿剪刀走動時要合起來、尖端朝下；遞給別人時握柄朝向對方。剪的時候，另一隻手不要放在刀口前面。
- Keep food and drinks away from the paint. Do not put paint or brushes in your mouth, and wash your hands when you finish.食物和飲料不要放在顏料旁邊。顏料和畫筆不要放進嘴巴；畫完要洗手。
- Cover the desk before you paint, and let each paper dry flat before you stack it.上色之前先把桌面鋪好；每一張紙都平放晾乾之後再疊起來。
Classroom Activity 1 · 課堂活動一
The Same Gray, Twice 同一張灰紙，剪兩塊
You need · 準備材料
- One sheet of medium gray paper一張中等深淺的灰色紙
- One sheet of black paper and one of white paper黑紙和白紙各一張
- Colored paper in yellow and blue黃色和藍色的色紙
- Scissors, a ruler, and a pencil剪刀、尺和鉛筆
Steps · 步驟
- Cut four squares, three centimeters on each side, from the same sheet of gray paper.從同一張灰紙上剪下四個邊長三公分的正方形。
- Lay one square in the middle of the black paper and one in the middle of the white paper. Put the two papers side by side.一塊放在黑紙中央，一塊放在白紙中央，再把兩張紙並排。
- Ask five classmates which square looks darker. Write down each answer.問五位同學：哪一塊看起來比較深？把每個人的答案記下來。
- Now slide the two squares until they touch. Do they still look different? Write down what you see.把兩塊灰色推到互相碰在一起。它們看起來還不一樣嗎？把看到的寫下來。
- Repeat with the other two squares on yellow and on blue paper. Then compare your paper results with the squares on this page.用另外兩塊在黃紙和藍紙上再做一次。最後把紙上的結果和這一頁螢幕上的方塊比一比。
Not everyone sees the effect equally strongly, and paper and screens do not behave the same way. Record what people actually say, including anyone who sees no difference.
不是每個人看到的效果都一樣明顯，紙和螢幕的表現也不相同。請照實記下大家說的，包括說「看不出差別」的人。
Classroom Activity 2 · 課堂活動二
One Drawing, Three Color Schemes 一張圖，三種配色
You need · 準備材料
- Three copies of the same simple line drawing, such as a house and two hills同一張簡單的線稿三份，例如一間小屋和兩座山丘
- Colored pencils, crayons, or watercolors with at least twelve colors色鉛筆、蠟筆或水彩，至少十二色
- This page, with the painter's wheel showing這一頁，並把色相環切換到畫家的色相環
Steps · 步驟
- On the wheel, pick a main color. Write down its number and name, and the names of its two neighbors.在色相環上選一個主色，寫下它的編號和名稱，以及兩個鄰居的名稱。
- Color the first copy with those three analogous colors. Find the closest pencils or paints you have.用這三個類似色替第一張上色；從手邊的筆或顏料裡找最接近的。
- Color the second copy with your main color and the color across the wheel from it.第二張用主色和它在色相環正對面的顏色上色。
- Color the third copy with three colors spaced evenly around the wheel.第三張用色相環上平均分開的三個顏色上色。
- Pin up all three. From across the room, which one do you notice first? Hold each copy beside the screen. Where do your colors differ from the model's?把三張都貼起來。從教室另一頭看，最先注意到哪一張？再把每一張拿到螢幕旁邊：你的顏色和模型的顏色，哪裡不一樣？
Your pencils will not match the screen, and that is expected: the wheel on this page is made of light, and its swatches only stand for the color names. There is no single right answer about which copy looks best. Ask your classmates and count the votes.
你的筆和螢幕的顏色不會一樣，這是正常的：這一頁的色相環是光做的，色塊只是代表那些顏色的名稱。哪一張最好看，沒有唯一的答案；問問同學，數一數票數。
Go Further · 延伸閱讀
Where the two wheels come from, and what comes next 兩個色相環從哪裡來，以及下一課
Art · Lesson 1 · 美術・第一課Why Do Paint and Light Mix Differently?顏料和光，混色為什麼不一樣？Light adds and paint takes away. That is why there is one wheel for screens and another for paint.光是加，顏料是減。所以螢幕有螢幕的色相環，顏料有顏料的色相環。Go to the lesson · 前往這一課 →How Things Work · Lesson 10 · 萬物原理・第十課How Does a Rainbow Form?彩虹是怎麼形成的？Newton made his circle from the colors of the spectrum. That lesson shows where those colors come from.牛頓的色環是用光譜的顏色排成的；那一課講這些顏色是怎麼來的。Go to the lesson · 前往這一課 →Art · Lesson 3 · 美術・第三課How Does Shading Make a Circle Look Like a Ball?明暗怎麼把圓形變成球？Next comes the direction the wheel leaves out: light and dark, and a lamp you can drag around a ball.下一課是色相環沒有畫出來的方向：明與暗，還有一盞可以繞著球拖動的燈。Go to the lesson · 前往這一課 →
Sources · 資料出處
Names, dates, numbers, and quotations on this page were checked against these sources (October 2026). The positions on the wheels and the difference numbers are computed by the page itself and covered by automatic tests; the swatches are chosen screen colors · 本頁的人名、年代、數字與引文依下列資料查證（2026 年 10 月）；色相環上的位置與「差多少」的數字由頁面自己計算，並有自動測試；色塊是選定的螢幕顏色
- Newton's Opticks (1704) included the first color wheel, seven spectral colors in unequal segments based on the musical scale; Goethe's wheel of six colors; Chevreul at the Gobelins牛頓《光學》（1704）裡有第一個色環：七個光譜色、依音階分成不等的格子；歌德的六色色環；謝弗勒與戈布蘭The Royal Society, “The colour wheel” (2021) ↗
- Newton's circle showed only the spectral hues牛頓的色環只有光譜上的色相Wikipedia “Color wheel” ↗
- Moses Harris, The Natural System of Colours (1766): red, yellow, and blue as the three principal colors哈里斯《The Natural System of Colours》（1766）：以紅、黃、藍為三個主要顏色Wikipedia “Moses Harris” ↗
- Complementary pairs depend on the color model; the pairs under each model; complementary lights make white; paints mix toward black or gray互補色是哪幾對，要看色彩模型；兩種模型各自的幾對；互補的色光加起來是白；顏料混合偏向黑或灰Wikipedia “Complementary colors” ↗
- Analogous colors are groups of colors next to each other on the color wheel類似色：色相環上彼此相鄰的一組顏色Wikipedia “Analogous colors” ↗
- Triadic schemes; warm and cool colors (in use since at least the late 18th century, red through yellow and blue-green through blue-violet, with disagreement about the anchors); color harmony depends on people and cultures三等分的配色；暖色與冷色（至少十八世紀後期就有這種說法；紅到黃、藍綠到藍紫，交界處說法不一）；色彩調和因人與文化而異Wikipedia “Color theory” ↗
- Simultaneous contrast: a gray target looks lighter or darker beside a darker or lighter one; Goethe in 1810; Ibn al-Haytham in the eleventh century同時對比：灰色在較深或較淺的顏色旁邊，看起來會變淺或變深；歌德 1810 年的記載；十一世紀的海什木Wikipedia “Contrast effect” ↗
- Chevreul: director of the Gobelins dye works in 1824, the black dye that looked weak and reddish beside deep blues, and his book of 1839謝弗勒：1824 年接掌戈布蘭染坊；黑色在深藍旁邊顯得又淡又偏紅；1839 年的著作Wikipedia “Michel Eugène Chevreul” ↗
- Simultaneous contrast is strongest between complementary colors; the real colors are not altered, only our perception of them同時對比在互補色之間最強；顏色本身沒有變，變的是我們的感覺WebExhibits, “Simultaneous Contrast” ↗
- Munsell's system: hue, value, and chroma; five principal hues; created in the first decade of the 20th century孟塞爾色彩系統：色相、明度、彩度；五個主要色相；二十世紀頭十年建立Wikipedia “Munsell color system” ↗
- A review of research on color and psychology: it is premature to offer bold statements顏色與心理研究的回顧：現在還不宜下大膽的結論Elliot (2015), Frontiers in Psychology ↗
- Goldstein's claim about red and blue could not be replicated by other researchersGoldstein 關於紅色與藍色的說法，其他研究者無法重複Wikipedia “Color psychology” ↗
- The dictionary entry for 互補色 (two lights that mix to white)「互補色」：任何二種色光等量混合而成白色時，則此二色互為互補色教育部《重編國語辭典修訂本》〈互補色〉 ↗
- The dictionary entry for 對比色 (red and green, yellow and purple)「對比色」：如紅與綠、黃與紫教育部《重編國語辭典修訂本》〈對比色〉 ↗
- The dictionary entry for 寒暖色 (red, yellow, orange as warm; blue-green, green, purple as cold)「寒暖色」：紅、黃、橙等稱為暖色；青、綠、紫等稱為寒色教育部《重編國語辭典修訂本》〈寒暖色〉 ↗
- Standard Chinese terms: color wheel, complementary color, analogous color, warm color, cool color, simultaneous contrast, hue, value, chroma學術名詞：色相環、互補色、類似色、暖色、寒色、同時對比、色相、明度、彩度國家教育研究院 樂詞網 ↗
- A flat color wheel cannot show value (in Chinese)二度空間的色相環僅能傳達色相與彩度，對明度的表示仍有困難科技大觀園〈色彩的視覺與應用〉 ↗
- Visual arts learning content: 視 E-Ⅱ-1, 視 E-Ⅲ-1, 視 A-Ⅲ-1, 視 E-Ⅳ-1視覺藝術學習內容：視 E-Ⅱ-1、視 E-Ⅲ-1、視 A-Ⅲ-1、視 E-Ⅳ-1十二年國教課綱 藝術領域（教育部，2018） ↗
- Eye rest: ten minutes after every thirty minutes of close work, and 120 minutes outdoors each day護眼：用眼每 30 分鐘休息 10 分鐘，每天戶外活動 120 分鐘衛生福利部國民健康署 ↗
- Art materials: keep food and drinks out of the art area and wash hands after use美術用品：食物和飲料不要帶進創作的地方，用完洗手U.S. CPSC, Art and Craft Safety Guide ↗