Take it apart把它拆開
Watch the parts come out of the case. What are they all attached to?
看零件從機殼裡被拉出來。它們全都接在什麼東西上？
How Computers Work · Unit 2 · Lesson 5 · 電腦概論 單元二 第五課
What Is Inside a Computer?打開電腦，裡面有什麼？
Take the side off a desktop computer in 3D and pull out its parts one by one: motherboard, processor, memory, storage, graphics card, and power supply. Press the power button and follow the data from part to part.
在 3D 裡拿掉桌上型電腦的側板，把零件一個一個拉出來看：主機板、處理器、記憶體、儲存裝置、顯示卡和電源供應器。再按下電源，跟著資料從一個零件走到另一個零件。
Big idea · 一句話看懂
A computer is a small team of parts, and each part has one job. The processor carries out instructions, memory holds what is in use right now, storage keeps things when the power is off, the graphics card makes the picture, the power supply feeds them all, and the motherboard connects everything.
電腦是一小隊零件，每個零件只做一件事。處理器執行指令，記憶體放現在正在用的東西，儲存裝置在關機後把東西留住，顯示卡把畫面做出來，電源供應器供電給大家，主機板把所有零件連在一起。
3D Model · 3D 模型
A Computer with Its Side Off 拿掉側板的電腦
This is a desktop computer with one side panel removed. Tap any part to light it up and read what it does, or use the slider to pull the parts out of the case. Then press the power button to watch four steps: power goes to every part, a program is copied from storage into memory, the processor does its work, and the graphics card draws the picture for the screen.
這是一台拿掉一片側板的桌上型電腦。點任何一個零件，它會亮起來，右邊說明它做什麼；也可以拉滑桿，把零件從機殼裡拉出來。接著按下電源，看四個步驟：電送到每個零件、程式從儲存裝置複製到記憶體、處理器開始工作、顯示卡把畫面畫出來給螢幕顯示。
Tap a part · 點一個零件 Drag to turn · 拖曳旋轉 Scroll or pinch to zoom · 滾輪／雙指縮放
This 3D model needs WebGL, which this browser does not support. The list of parts and the four power-on steps below still work, and so do the reading and the games.
這個瀏覽器不支援 WebGL，無法顯示 3D 模型；下面的零件清單和開機四步驟照樣能用，課文和小遊戲也都能用。
- A lit part: the one you picked, or one that is busy in this step
亮起來的零件：你選的那一個，或這一步正在忙的零件 - Green board at the back: the motherboard, which everything plugs into
後面那塊綠色的板子：主機板，所有零件都插在它上面 - Moving dots: power (gold) or data (teal) going from one part to another
會動的光點：從一個零件送到另一個零件的電（金色）或資料（青色） - Screen beside the case: lights up when the picture arrives
機殼旁邊的螢幕：畫面送到時亮起來
A teaching model, not a picture of any real product. Real parts come in many shapes and sizes, and a real case is crowded with cables, which are left out here. In a real computer the data travels through copper lines inside the motherboard, not through the air, and far too fast to see. A real start-up also has many more steps than these four. What each part does is real.
這是教學用的示意模型，不是任何一個真實產品的樣子。真的零件有各種形狀和大小，真的機殼裡還擠滿了線，這裡都省略了。在真的電腦裡，資料是走主機板裡面的銅線，不是在空中飛，而且快到看不見。真的開機過程也比這四個步驟多得多。但每個零件做的事是真的。
Model and code are drawn and programmed by My Culture Connect. The model is generic and does not show any maker’s product.
模型與程式由人師教育協會自行繪製、撰寫。模型是通用的示意，不代表任何廠牌的產品。
Reading · 英文閱讀
5
Unit 5: What Is Inside a Computer?
In Unit 1 you built the ideas a computer runs on: switches, numbers, codes, logic gates, and an adder. Now it is time to open the box and see where those ideas live. You might expect something mysterious inside. What you find is a small team of parts. Each part has one job, and one big board holds them all together.
在單元一，你把電腦運作靠的幾個想法都做出來了：開關、數、編碼、邏輯閘，還有加法器。現在該打開箱子，看看這些想法住在哪裡。你也許以為裡面會是什麼神祕的東西，結果看到的是一小隊零件。每個零件只做一件事，一塊大板子把它們全部連在一起。
That board is the motherboard. It is the largest board inside the case, and every other part plugs into it. Thin copper lines run across it and connect the parts, so that they can pass data to one another. The motherboard does not do any calculating itself. Its job is to connect.
那塊板子就是主機板。它是機殼裡最大的一塊板子，其他每個零件都插在它上面。板子上有細細的銅線把零件連起來，讓它們能互相傳資料。主機板自己不做任何計算，它的工作是「連接」。
The most important part plugged into the motherboard is the processor, also called the CPU. It carries out the instructions of programs, one after another. All the adding and deciding you saw in Lessons 3 and 4 happens here, on one small chip. Its transistors turn electrical energy into heat as they work, so a block of metal fins and a fan sit on top of the processor to carry the heat away.
插在主機板上最重要的零件是處理器，也叫 CPU。它一條接一條地執行程式的指令。第三課和第四課看到的那些「做決定」和「做加法」，全都發生在這裡，一片小小的晶片上。它裡面的電晶體工作時會把電能變成熱，所以處理器上面壓著一塊金屬鰭片和一個風扇，把熱帶走。
A computer has two places to keep things, and they are easy to mix up. Memory, or RAM, holds the programs and data that are in use right now. It is fast, but it loses everything when the power is turned off. Storage keeps your programs and files even when the computer is off. In many computers today the storage is a solid-state drive, which keeps data in chips and has no moving parts. Others use a hard disk, with disks that spin.
電腦有兩個放東西的地方，很容易搞混。記憶體（RAM）放的是現在正在用的程式和資料。它很快，可是電一關，裡面的東西就全部不見了。儲存裝置則是在電腦關機的時候，也把你的程式和檔案留住。現在很多電腦的儲存裝置是固態硬碟，把資料存在晶片裡，沒有任何會動的零件；也有的用硬碟，裡面有會轉的碟片。
Two more parts finish the team. The graphics card draws the picture that you see, working out the color of every pixel. In many computers this job is done by graphics built into the processor, with no separate card. The power supply takes electricity from the wall socket and changes it into the low voltages that the other parts need.
還有兩個零件，這一隊才算到齊。顯示卡把你看到的畫面畫出來，每個像素的顏色都是它算的。很多電腦沒有獨立的顯示卡，這件事由內建在處理器裡的顯示功能來做。電源供應器從牆上的插座取電，把它變成其他零件需要的低電壓。
Now watch the team work. When you open an app, it is copied from storage into memory. The processor takes its instructions from memory and carries them out. The graphics card draws the result as a picture for the screen. The power supply keeps every part running, and the motherboard connects them all. A laptop has the same kinds of parts, only smaller and packed closer together. Some chips even combine the processor, the graphics, and more in a single piece, called a system on a chip.
現在看看這一隊怎麼合作。你打開一個 App，它就從儲存裝置複製到記憶體。處理器從記憶體拿出它的指令，一條一條照著做。顯示卡把結果畫成畫面，交給螢幕。電源供應器讓每個零件都有電，主機板把它們全部連在一起。筆記型電腦裡也有同樣這幾種零件，只是比較小、擠得比較近。有些晶片甚至把處理器、顯示功能和更多東西做在同一顆裡面，叫做「系統單晶片」。
Read aloud · 課文朗讀
Questions · 閱讀理解
What is the job of the motherboard?
It is the largest board in the case. Every other part plugs into it, and its copper lines connect the parts so that they can pass data to one another. It does not do any calculating itself.
How is memory different from storage?
Memory holds the programs and data in use right now. It is fast, but it loses everything when the power is turned off. Storage keeps programs and files even when the computer is off.
What happens, step by step, when you open an app?
The app is copied from storage into memory. The processor takes its instructions from memory and carries them out. The graphics card draws the result as a picture for the screen.
Words & Phrases · 生字及片語
component(n.)零件；元件The engine is the most expensive component of the car.引擎是這輛車最貴的零件。motherboard(n.)主機板Every part of the computer plugs into the motherboard.電腦的每個零件都插在主機板上。processor(n.)處理器A faster processor can carry out more instructions each second.比較快的處理器每秒能執行比較多的指令。memory(n.)記憶體；記憶With too many apps open, the computer runs out of memory.開太多 App，電腦的記憶體就不夠用了。storage(n.)儲存空間；儲存裝置My phone has no storage left for new photos.我的手機沒有空間存新照片了。graphics(n.)圖形；繪圖The game has beautiful graphics.這個遊戲的畫面很漂亮。supply(v.)供應The river supplies water to the whole city.這條河供應整座城市的用水。temporary(adj.)暫時的The classroom is only a temporary home for the library books.這間教室只是圖書館的書暫時放的地方。
Quick Check · 小測驗
1. Which part do all the other parts plug into?
2. What does the processor do?
3. What happens to the contents of memory (RAM) when the power goes off?
4. Which part draws the picture that the screen shows?
5. According to the reading, what is a system on a chip?
Try It in the Model · 在模型裡試試
Four things to watch 四件值得看的事
Then test yourself: with the labels switched off, can you name all seven parts?
接著考考自己：把標示關掉，你說得出七個零件的名字嗎？
The cooler is not the processor散熱器不是處理器
The biggest thing on the board is only there to carry heat away. Find the small square under it.
板子上最大的那個東西，只是用來把熱帶走的。找找它底下那一小片。
Two places to keep things兩個放東西的地方
See memory and storage one after the other. Which one is wiped when the power goes off?
先看記憶體，再看儲存裝置。哪一個在關電之後會清空？
Press the power button按下電源
Follow the dots: power first, then data from storage to memory, to the processor, and out to the screen.
跟著光點走：先是電，接著資料從儲存裝置到記憶體、到處理器，最後送到螢幕。
Game · 小遊戲
Whose Job Is It? 這個工作是誰做的？
Eight jobs, seven parts. Read each job and choose the part that does it. The game counts how many you get right on the first try.
八件工作，七個零件。讀一讀每件工作，選出做這件事的零件。遊戲會記下你第一次就答對幾題。
Right on the first try · 第一次就答對 0 / 0
Try It · 動手試試
How Much Fits? 裝得下多少？
The size of a drive is given in gigabytes (GB) or terabytes (TB). One gigabyte is one billion bytes, and a byte is eight of the switches from Lesson 1. Choose a drive and something to put on it.
儲存裝置的大小用 GB 或 TB 來表示。1 GB 是十億個位元組，而一個位元組就是第一課的八個開關。選一顆固態硬碟的大小，再選要放什麼。
Size of the drive · 固態硬碟的大小
What to store · 要放什麼
- Bytes · 位元組
- Bits (the switches of Lesson 1) · 位元（第一課的開關）
It holds · 裝得下
A computer may show a smaller number for the same drive. Windows, for example, counts in units of 1,073,741,824 bytes (2 to the 30th power) and still writes “GB.” Counted that way, this drive is of those units. No space is missing; it is the same number of bytes, counted in bigger units.電腦顯示的數字可能比較小。例如 Windows 用 1,073,741,824 個位元組（2 的 30 次方）當一個單位，卻一樣寫「GB」。用這種算法，這顆硬碟是 個這樣的單位。空間沒有不見：位元組一樣多，只是用比較大的單位來數。
- Kilo, mega, giga, tera: each step is a thousand times bigger. 1 TB is 1,000 GB.KB、MB、GB、TB：每一級是前一級的一千倍。1 TB 是 1,000 GB。
- A 512 GB drive holds 4,096,000,000,000 bits. That is more than four trillion of the switches from Lesson 1.512 GB 的硬碟有 4,096,000,000,000 個位元，也就是四兆多個第一課的開關。
- Memory is measured in gigabytes too, but a computer has much less memory than storage.記憶體也是用 GB 來量，只是一台電腦的記憶體比儲存空間少得多。
Stories Behind the Parts · 零件的故事
A processor on one chip, a drive with nothing moving, two kinds of gigabyte, and a coffee shop in Taipei 一顆晶片上的處理器、沒有東西在動的硬碟、兩種 GB、台北的一家咖啡店
Four short stories about the parts inside the case.
機殼裡這些零件的四個小故事。
1971 · Intel 4004
The processor on a single chip做在一顆晶片上的處理器
Early computers needed many separate parts to do the work of a processor. In 1971 Intel introduced the 4004, which became the first general-purpose microprocessor: a processor on one chip. Today’s processors do the same basic job of interpreting and carrying out program instructions, with vastly more transistors. The chip lessons on this site tell that part of the story.
早期的電腦要用很多分開的零件，才做得了處理器的工作。1971 年，英特爾推出 4004，它成為第一顆通用的微處理器：做在一顆晶片上的處理器。今天的處理器做的還是同一件基本的事（看懂並執行程式的指令），只是電晶體多了非常非常多。這一段故事，本站的晶片系列有講。
SSD · 固態硬碟
A drive with nothing moving沒有東西在動的硬碟
A hard disk drive stores data on a spinning platter, with an arm that moves across it. A solid-state drive stores data in chips of flash memory instead, so it does not rely on any moving parts. Both do the same job for the computer: they are its long-term storage, remembering files even when the device is off.
硬碟把資料存在會轉的碟片上，還有一支讀寫臂在碟片上移動。固態硬碟改用快閃記憶體晶片來存資料，所以不靠任何會動的零件。對電腦來說，兩者做的是同一件事：當它長期存放東西的地方，就算關機也記得檔案。
GB · GiB
Why a 1 TB drive shows as 931 GB為什麼 1 TB 的硬碟顯示成 931 GB
Drive makers count in tens: one gigabyte is 1,000,000,000 bytes. But some software counts in twos and treats a “gigabyte” as 1,073,741,824 bytes. To end the confusion, a standard approved in 1998 gave the binary units their own names, such as gibibyte (GiB). Seagate notes that people are often confused when a 1 TB drive is reported as only about 931 gigabytes. Nothing is missing: 1,000,000,000,000 bytes is about 931 GiB.
硬碟廠商用十進位來數：1 GB 是 1,000,000,000 個位元組。可是有些軟體用二進位來數，把「1 GB」當成 1,073,741,824 個位元組。為了不再混淆，1998 年通過的一項標準替二進位的單位另外取了名字，例如 gibibyte（GiB）。希捷（Seagate）提到，1 TB 的硬碟被顯示成只有大約 931 GB 時，很多人會搞不清楚。其實什麼都沒少：1,000,000,000,000 個位元組，大約就是 931 GiB。
1989 · Taipei 台北
Motherboards from Taiwan從台灣出發的主機板
ASUS, one of the best-known makers of motherboards, was established in 1989. By the company’s own account, the idea began with a conversation among engineers in a coffee shop in Taipei, and within eight months they had built their first two motherboards. ASUS says that the success of those early boards helped make Taiwan known around the world as a place for high-quality computer products.
華碩（ASUS）是最有名的主機板廠商之一，成立於 1989 年。照華碩自己的說法，這家公司的構想來自幾位工程師在台北一家咖啡店裡的一次談話，八個月內他們就做出了最早的兩款主機板。華碩說，這些早期主機板的成功，讓世界開始知道台灣能做出高品質的電腦產品。
Myth vs. Fact · 常見迷思
Four things people get wrong 四個常見的誤會
✗ Myth · 迷思Memory and storage are the same thing.記憶體和儲存空間是同一個東西。
✓ Fact · 事實They are two different parts. Memory holds what is in use right now and is wiped when the power goes off. Storage keeps your files without power. “My phone is out of memory” usually means it is out of storage.它們是兩個不同的零件。記憶體放現在正在用的東西，電一關就清空；儲存裝置不用電也留得住檔案。大家說「手機記憶體滿了」，通常指的其實是儲存空間滿了。
✗ Myth · 迷思The screen is the computer.螢幕就是電腦。
✓ Fact · 事實A screen only shows the picture that is sent to it. The work is done by the parts on the motherboard. In a laptop or an all-in-one computer, those parts are simply behind or under the screen.螢幕只是把送來的畫面顯示出來，工作是主機板上那些零件做的。筆記型電腦或一體成型的電腦，只是把那些零件放在螢幕的後面或下面。
✗ Myth · 迷思The big metal block with a fan is the processor.那一大塊有風扇的金屬就是處理器。
✓ Fact · 事實That is the cooler. The processor is the small flat square underneath it.那是散熱器。處理器是它底下那一小片扁扁的方形晶片。
✗ Myth · 迷思A laptop works in a completely different way from a desktop computer.筆記型電腦和桌上型電腦的運作方式完全不同。
✓ Fact · 事實It has the same kinds of parts doing the same jobs. They are smaller and closer together, and some are combined: a system on a chip puts the processor, the graphics, and more on one chip.它有同樣那幾種零件，做同樣的事，只是比較小、擠得比較近，有的還合在一起：「系統單晶片」把處理器、顯示功能和更多東西做在同一顆晶片上。
Remember It · 記憶口訣
The parts in a sentence 一句話記住每個零件
The board connects主機板負責連接
Everything plugs into the motherboard.
每個零件都插在主機板上。
The processor does處理器負責做
It carries out instructions, one after another.
它一條接一條地執行指令。
Memory is now, storage is later記憶體管現在，儲存管以後
Memory forgets when the power goes off. Storage keeps.
記憶體關電就忘；儲存裝置留得住。
Power in, picture out電進來，畫面出去
The power supply feeds every part. The graphics card feeds the screen.
電源供應器供電給每個零件；顯示卡把畫面送給螢幕。
Before You Start · 動手之前
Looking inside a real computer 要看真的電腦裡面之前
- Do not open a computer on your own. Ask a teacher or a parent, and use only a machine you have permission to open.不要自己拆電腦。先問老師或家長，而且只能拆有得到同意的那一台。
- Before anyone opens the case, the computer must be shut down completely and its power cable unplugged from the wall socket.任何人打開機殼之前，電腦一定要完全關機，並把電源線從牆上的插座拔掉。
- Static electricity can permanently damage the parts, even from a spark too small to feel. Touch an unpainted metal surface first, or wear an anti-static wrist strap.靜電會讓零件永久損壞，就算是小到你感覺不到的火花也一樣。先摸一下沒有上漆的金屬表面，或戴上防靜電手環。
- Leave the power supply closed. It is a sealed box that takes wall electricity directly, and it is not meant to be opened.不要拆電源供應器。它是一個直接接牆上的電、封起來的盒子，本來就不是要讓人打開的。
Classroom Activity 1 · 課堂活動一
Be the Computer 全班當一台電腦
You need · 準備材料
- Six signs: Storage, Memory, Processor, Graphics, Screen, Power六張牌子：儲存裝置、記憶體、處理器、顯示卡、螢幕、電源
- A stack of cards with one simple instruction on each, such as “draw a circle” or “add 3 and 4”一疊卡片，每張寫一個簡單的指令，例如「畫一個圓」「把 3 和 4 加起來」
- A whiteboard for the Screen一塊白板，當作螢幕
Steps · 步驟
- Six students take the signs and stand in order: Storage, Memory, Processor, Graphics, Screen. Power stands to one side. The rest of the class is the motherboard and passes things along.六位同學拿牌子，照順序站好：儲存裝置、記憶體、處理器、顯示卡、螢幕；電源站在旁邊。其他同學當主機板，負責傳東西。
- Power says “On.” Storage holds the whole stack of cards. To open an app, Storage hands a copy of five cards to Memory.電源說「開」。儲存裝置拿著整疊卡片。要打開一個 App 時，儲存裝置把其中五張的副本交給記憶體。
- Processor takes one card at a time from Memory, does exactly what it says, and tells Graphics the result. Graphics draws it on the whiteboard, the Screen.處理器一次從記憶體拿一張卡片，一字不差地照著做，把結果告訴顯示卡。顯示卡把它畫在白板（螢幕）上。
- Power says “Off.” Memory drops all its cards. Storage still has the full stack. Start again and see what was lost.電源說「關」。記憶體把手上的卡片全部丟掉，儲存裝置手上那一疊還在。再開一次，看看什麼不見了。
The moment Memory drops its cards is the point of the game: anything that was not handed back to Storage is gone. That is why you save your work. In Taiwan’s junior high Information Technology curriculum, this lesson matches the topic “System platforms”: 資 S-IV-2, whose notes list the CPU, memory, and input and output.
記憶體把卡片丟掉的那一刻，就是這個遊戲的重點：沒有交回給儲存裝置的東西，就不見了。這就是為什麼作業要記得存檔。對照十二年國教國中「資訊科技」的學習內容，這一課對應「系統平台」主題：資 S-IV-2 系統平台之組成架構與基本運作原理（附錄的說明列有 CPU、記憶體、輸入輸出）。
Classroom Activity 2 · 課堂活動二
Check It on Your Own Computer 在自己的電腦上驗證
You need · 準備材料
- A Windows or Mac computer (you do not open the case)一台 Windows 或 Mac 電腦（不用打開機殼）
- Paper and a pencil紙和鉛筆
Steps · 步驟
- On a Mac, open the Apple menu and choose About This Mac. On Windows, right-click Start, choose Settings, select System, and pick About.Mac：打開蘋果選單，選「關於這台 Mac」（About This Mac）。Windows：在「開始」上按右鍵，選「設定」（Settings），再選「系統」（System）裡的 About 那一頁。
- Find the processor. A Mac shows the chip or processor. Windows lists the processor type under Device specifications. Write its name down.找出處理器。Mac 會顯示晶片或處理器；Windows 在「裝置規格」（Device specifications）下面列出處理器的型號。把它的名字寫下來。
- Find the memory. A Mac shows the amount of memory. Windows shows the amount of RAM installed. How many gigabytes?找出記憶體。Mac 會顯示記憶體有多少；Windows 會顯示安裝了多少 RAM。是幾 GB？
- Find the storage. On Windows, go back to System and pick Storage. On a Mac, open System Settings, click General, then About, and look for Storage. How many gigabytes, and how many are free?找出儲存空間。Windows：回到「系統」，選 Storage（儲存空間）。Mac：打開「系統設定」，按「一般」（General），再按 About，找到儲存空間那一行。一共幾 GB？還剩多少？
You should now have three facts about your own computer: its processor, its memory, and its storage. Notice that storage is many times larger than memory. Use “How Much Fits?” above to see what your storage could hold. The names of menus differ a little between versions of Windows and macOS.
現在你手上有自己電腦的三件事：處理器、記憶體、儲存空間。注意儲存空間比記憶體大了好多倍。用上面的「裝得下多少？」看看你的儲存空間能放多少東西。不同版本的 Windows 和 macOS，選單的名稱會略有不同。
Go Further · 延伸閱讀
Chips, heat, memory, and what comes next 晶片、熱、記憶，以及下一課
Previous Lesson · Lesson 4 · 上一課・第四課How Does a Computer Add?電腦怎麼做加法？The adder you built from gates lives inside the processor you just found.你用邏輯閘做出來的加法器，就住在你剛才找到的處理器裡。Go to the lesson · 前往這一課 →Chips and Semiconductors · Lesson 9 · 晶片與半導體・第九課Why Do Chips Get Hot?晶片為什麼會發熱？Why does the processor need that big cooler? Follow the heat from the transistors to the fins.處理器為什麼需要那麼大的散熱器？跟著熱從電晶體一路走到鰭片。Go to the lesson · 前往這一課 →How Things Work · Lesson 8 · 萬物原理・第八課How Does a Computer Remember Things?電腦怎麼記住東西？What is actually inside a memory chip and a drive? See where each 0 and 1 is kept.記憶體晶片和硬碟裡面到底是什麼？看看每一個 0 和 1 存在哪裡。Go to the lesson · 前往這一課 →Next Lesson · Lesson 6 · 下一課・第六課What Does a Processor Do All Day?處理器整天在忙什麼？Next, zoom in on the small square under the cooler: fetch an instruction, work out what it means, do it, and fetch the next.下一課要放大散熱器底下那一小片：拿一條指令、看懂它、照著做，再拿下一條。Go to the lesson · 前往這一課 →
Sources · 資料出處
Facts on this page were checked against these sources (October 2026); the sizes in “How Much Fits?” are computed and tested · 本頁的事實依下列資料查證（2026 年 10 月）；「裝得下多少？」裡的數字是自己算的，並有測試
- The motherboard is the printed circuit board that connects all components of a computer; it is the largest board in the case; thin lines of copper or aluminum, called traces, run across it; the CPU, RAM, and expansion cards go into its slots主機板是把電腦所有零件連在一起的印刷電路板，是機殼裡最大的一塊板子；上面有細細的銅或鋁的線路；處理器、記憶體和擴充卡插在它的插槽上Adam Volle, “motherboard,” Encyclopaedia Britannica ↗
- A microprocessor can “interpret and execute program instructions”; the first microprocessor was the Intel 4004, introduced in 1971微處理器能看懂並執行程式的指令；第一顆微處理器是 1971 年推出的 Intel 4004Encyclopaedia Britannica, “microprocessor” ↗
- The Intel 4004 “became the first general-purpose microprocessor”Intel 4004「成為第一顆通用微處理器」Intel, “Announcing a New Era of Integrated Electronics” (Intel history) ↗
- Main memory holds instructions and data when a program is executing; nonvolatile memories, unlike SRAM and DRAM, do not lose their contents when power is turned off; auxiliary memory holds programs and data for future use主記憶體放正在執行的程式的指令與資料；非揮發性記憶體和 SRAM、DRAM 不同，斷電後不會失去內容；輔助記憶（儲存裝置）放以後要用的程式與資料David Hemmendinger, “computer memory,” Encyclopaedia Britannica ↗
- “Application data is first loaded into RAM from permanent storage before the CPU processes it”應用程式的資料會先從永久的儲存裝置載入 RAM，處理器才去處理它Encyclopaedia Britannica, “RAM” ↗
- SSDs use NAND flash memory and do not rely on any moving parts; a hard drive has a spinning platter and a moving arm; storage remembers files even when the device is off; opening a file transfers its data from storage to RAM固態硬碟用 NAND 快閃記憶體，不靠任何會動的零件；硬碟有會轉的碟片和會動的讀寫臂；儲存裝置在關機時也記得檔案；打開檔案時，資料從儲存裝置傳到 RAMCrucial (Micron), “What is an SSD?” ↗
- A GPU is a specialized processor designed to accelerate graphics rendering; GPUs may be integrated into the CPU or offered as a discrete unit; a graphics card is an add-in board that carries the GPUGPU 是為了加速繪圖而設計的處理器；可以內建在 CPU 裡，也可以是獨立的硬體；顯示卡是裝著 GPU 的擴充卡Intel, “What Is a GPU?” ↗
- The transistors inside a CPU convert electrical energy into heat; a heat sink absorbs the heat and a fan pushes the warm air awayCPU 裡的電晶體把電能變成熱；散熱片吸收熱，風扇把熱空氣吹走Intel, “CPU Cooler: Liquid Cooling vs. Air Cooling” ↗
- A computer power supply: AC input 100–240 V; outputs of +12 V, +5 V, and +3.3 V電腦的電源供應器：輸入交流 100–240 V；輸出 +12 V、+5 V、+3.3 VCorsair, HXi Series power supply manual (rating label) ↗
- “As a system on a chip (SoC), M1 combines numerous powerful technologies into a single chip”「M1 是系統單晶片（SoC），把多種強大的技術合在一顆晶片上」Apple Newsroom, “Apple unleashes M1,” November 10, 2020 ↗
- 1 GB = 1,000,000,000 bytes and 1 GiB = 1,073,741,824 bytes; the binary prefixes were approved as an IEC standard in December 19981 GB＝1,000,000,000 位元組，1 GiB＝1,073,741,824 位元組；二進位前綴在 1998 年 12 月通過成為 IEC 標準NIST, “Prefixes for binary multiples” ↗
- The storage industry displays capacity in decimal; an operating system may report a 1 TB drive as only about 931 gigabytes儲存業界用十進位標示容量；作業系統可能把 1 TB 的硬碟顯示成只有大約 931 GBSeagate, “Storage capacity measurement standards” ↗
- Shut down completely and unplug the power cable; ESD can permanently damage components; touch an unpainted metal surface or use an ESD wrist strap完全關機並拔掉電源線；靜電放電會讓零件永久損壞；先摸沒有上漆的金屬表面，或使用防靜電手環Dell, “Electrical Safety for Dell Product Repair: ESD Protection and Precautions” ↗
- “Established in 1989, ASUS is a multinational company known for the world’s best motherboards”; the idea began in a coffee shop in Taipei; first two boards within eight months (the company’s own account)華碩成立於 1989 年，以主機板聞名；構想始於台北的一家咖啡店；八個月內做出最早的兩款主機板（公司自己的說法）ASUS, “About ASUS: History” ↗
- Mac: About This Mac shows the type of processor or chip and the amount of memory. Windows: right-click Start, Settings, System, About (processor type, amount of RAM installed) and System, StorageMac：「關於這台 Mac」顯示處理器或晶片的種類與記憶體大小。Windows：在「開始」按右鍵＞設定＞系統＞About（處理器型號、已安裝的 RAM），以及系統＞StorageApple Support, “What’s in the Apple menu on Mac?”; Microsoft Support, “Find information about your Windows device” ↗
- Taiwan terms: motherboard 主機板, CPU 中央處理單元, processor 處理器, memory 記憶體, solid state disk 固態硬碟, hard disk 硬碟, display card 顯示卡, storage device 儲存裝置, volatile memory 揮發性記憶體, flash memory 快閃記憶體台灣用語：motherboard 主機板、CPU 中央處理單元、processor 處理器、memory 記憶體、solid state disk 固態硬碟、hard disk 硬碟、display card 顯示卡、storage device 儲存裝置、volatile memory 揮發性記憶體、flash memory 快閃記憶體國家教育研究院《樂詞網》 ↗
- 資 S-IV-2, how system platforms are built and basically work (p. 10); the notes list the operating system, CPU, memory, and input and output (p. 43)資 S-IV-2 系統平台之組成架構與基本運作原理（第 10 頁）；附錄三的說明：「系統軟硬體架構與運作原理：作業系統、CPU、記憶體、輸入輸出」（第 43 頁）教育部《十二年國民基本教育課程綱要 國民中學暨普通型高級中等學校 科技領域》（2018） ↗
- 512 GB = 512,000,000,000 bytes = 4,096,000,000,000 bits; it holds 14,222 photos of 36,000,000 bytes or 96,749 minutes of sound at 5,292,000 bytes a minute; 1 TB is about 931.3 GiB and 512 GB about 476.8 GiB512 GB＝512,000,000,000 位元組＝4,096,000,000,000 位元；裝得下 14,222 張 36,000,000 位元組的照片，或 96,749 分鐘、每分鐘 5,292,000 位元組的聲音；1 TB 約 931.3 GiB、512 GB 約 476.8 GiBOur own arithmetic, checked by tools/computers/test/parts.test.mjs ↗